Pubhealth Exam 2

Front 1

Statistical test used when:
Variable 1 (Factor): Nominal (eg. treatment groups)
Variable 2 (Outcome): Ordinal (eg. categories of wellness)

Back 1

Chi-square test

Front 2

Statistical test used when:
Variable 1 (factor): Nominal (two levels, dichotomous)
Variable 2 (outcome): Continuous (eg. Blood Press)

Back 2

T-test

Front 3

Statistical test used when:
Variable 1 (factor): Nominal (3 or more levels)
Variable 2 (outcome): Continuous

Back 3

ANOVA

Front 4

Error that occurs when you mistakenly reject the Null:

Back 4

Type I (alpha)

Front 5

Error that occurs when you mistakenly accept the null:

Back 5

Type II (beta)

Front 6

Requirements of a Pearson Correlation:

Back 6

Random selection of sample
Normality of traits measured
At least interval level measurement
Similar variation between X and Y
Linear relation between X and Y

Front 7

What type of test to ordinal data require?

Back 7

Nonparametric test

Front 8

You could use this test when you have ordinal data that is not normal in the population in question:

Back 8

Spearman Rank Correlation
(Spearman r)

Front 9

Requirements of a Spearman correlation:

Back 9

Random selection of sample
Both distributions of scores are in ordinal form
Linear relation between sets of scores

Front 10

Chi-square test requirements:

Back 10

Randomly selected samples
nominal level of measurement
independent cell entries
no expected cell frequency below 5

Front 11

Degrees of freedom (chi-square)=

Back 11

(rows-1)(columns-1)

Front 12

4 variables specified in order to determine sample size:

Back 12

Significance level, alpha (usually .05)
The desired power (80-95%)
Variability of the populations (SD's)
The amount of change from the null that we realistically want to detect

Front 13

What would happen to the required sample size if alpha is decreased?

Back 13

it would increase

Front 14

What would happen to the required sample size if power is decreased?

Back 14

it would decrease

Front 15

What would happen to the required sample size if standard deviations were larger?

Back 15

it would increase

Front 16

What would happen to the required sample size if we decrease the differences we want to detect?

Back 16

it would increase

Front 17

What would happen to the required sample size if increase the differences we want to detect?

Back 17

it would decrease

Front 18

Random sample:

Back 18

external valitidy to ensure that it is representation of the population

Front 19

The presence of a microbe in a host to benefit the microorganism. Generally used to denote the possibility of causing disease:

Back 19

Infection

Front 20

Presence of microbes in a host which does not result in clinical disease and may be needed for health:

Back 20

Colonization

Front 21

GI tract flora are an example of a _____________ in the human body.

Back 21

Colonization

Front 22

The persistence of a microbe in a host with possibility of disease in the future without shedding of the organism in the interval:

Back 22

Latent infection

Front 23

Shingles from Varicella zoster is an example of a:

Back 23

Latent infection

Front 24

An infection can be ________ (like cholera or the flu) or __________ (like Hep B).

Back 24

Acute; chronic

Front 25

Two types of non-clinical infection (inapparent) for which transmission may still occur:

Back 25

Preclinical; subclinical

Front 26

Are you capable of spreading a virus in a latent infection prior to the onset of symptoms?

Back 26

No

Front 27

What percentage of typhoid infections are in people who are only carriers?

Back 27

2-5%

Front 28

The ability of the microbe to cause infection (enter, survive, multiply in host) but not necessarily cause symptoms:

Back 28

Infectivity

Front 29

Attack rate is equal to:

Back 29

# infected/# exposed

Front 30

The ability of the microbe to cause disease: (severity doesn't matter)

Back 30

Pathogenicity

Front 31

Attack rate for pathogenicity is equal to:

Back 31

# of clinical cases/# infected

Front 32

Degree of severity of the disease produced:

Back 32

Virulence

Front 33

Virulence and ____________ are often used interchangably, incorrectly.

Back 33

Pathogenicity

Front 34

Case fatality rate =

Back 34

# fatalities/ # diagnosed cases

Front 35

A sudden increase in the frequency of infection in a particular region:

Back 35

Epidemic

Front 36

An epidemic on a global scale (such as HIV, AIDS):

Back 36

Pandemic

Front 37

Why does HIV/AIDS occur more commonly in men?

Back 37

Male-male sexual contact is primary source of transmission

Front 38

Why is the prevalence of HIV increasing when incidence has been steady since the 1990s?

Back 38

Duration is increasing due to better treatments

Front 39

An infection that occurs regularly at a stable rate in a particular region:

Back 39

Endemic

Front 40

Malaria is ______ to sub-Saharan Africa

Back 40

Endemic

Front 41

A water-borne infection that is resistant to chlorine, other purifiers, and is hard to detect in epidemiological sense:

Back 41

Cryptosporidiosis (fecal-oral tramsission)

Front 42

Thousands have been infected with this from recreational water exposure

Back 42

cryptosporidiosis

Front 43

Residua of droplets which have evaporated to less than 5 microns

Back 43

droplet nuclei

Front 44

Two sites of infection from airborne vectors

Back 44

upper respiratory infection or lung alveoli

Front 45

Talking produces about ___ particles, coughing, ____, sneezing, ________>

Back 45

100; 1000; >500000

Front 46

Malaria, dengue, and yellow fever are examples of

Back 46

Vector borne infecitons

Front 47

Other living organisms which harbor microbe and transmit to susceptible host:

Back 47

Vector

Front 48

Inanimate objects which are contaminated and spread infection:

Back 48

Fomites

Front 49

An infection normally present in vertebrate animals but which can rarely spread and cause disease in humans; may be mild and require extensive exposure:

Back 49

Zoonosis

Front 50

An infection acquired in a hospital; chances much greater with presence of invasive devices or tubes such as catheters:

Back 50

Nosocomial infection

Front 51

Where do nosocomial infecitons occure the most?

Back 51

The ICU

Front 52

Requirements of an ANOVA:

Back 52

Random selection of samples
Normality of traits in populaiton
Homogeneity of variance
At least one independent var. with three or more leves
One dependent var.

Front 53

What is used to define an ANOVA?

Back 53

the number of independent variables

Front 54

ANOVA with multiple dependent variables:

Back 54

Multivariate (MANOVA)

Front 55

ANOVA where the dependent variable is 'corrected' for possible confounders:

Back 55

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

Front 56

An ANOVA is just a ______ with more than two levels of independent variables

Back 56

t-test

Front 57

An ANOVA is an _______, or an overall test.

Back 57

omnibus

Front 58

An ANOVA tells whether there is a difference between any groups, but not which groups that difference is in. What test must be done to find further information?

Back 58

a post-hoc test

Front 59

The proportion of diabetics in a group is pi where pi =:

Back 59

# of diabetics in a group/# of people in the group

Front 60

In many settings, this means the same thing as proportion:

Back 60

probability

Front 61

4 essential components of surveillance:

Back 61

Case reporting
Data analysis
Communication of results
Application of findings

Front 62

Systematic ongoing colleciton, collation, and analysis of data and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know so that action can be taken:

Back 62

Surveillance

Front 63

3 types of surveillance:

Back 63

Passive, active, and stimulated

Front 64

Surveillance in which Physician, ICP, or lab reports cases as prescribed by state law without prompting

Back 64

Passive surveillance

Front 65

Surveillance in which regular examination and prompting done to ascertain presence or absence of cases:

Back 65

Active surveillance

Front 66

Surveillance in which intermittent prompting increases passive reporting:

Back 66

Stimulated surveillance

Front 67

Who publishes a list of diseases that should be reported?

Back 67

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and CDC

Front 68

International health regulations require the mandatory declaration of what three diseases only?

Back 68

Cholera, the plague, and yellow fever

Front 69

Restriction of activities on the basis of exposure:

Back 69

quarantine

Front 70

Restriction of activities on the basis of infection until the infectious period has passed:

Back 70

Isolation

Front 71

Damage to an individual due to an energy exchange, or due to an acute disruption in the normal body energy process.

Back 71

An injury

Front 72

Five types of energy disruption in an injury:

Back 72

Mechanical
Electrical
Chemical
Thermal
Radiation

Front 73

What 3 types of death make up the injury portion of Years of potential life lost?

Back 73

Unintentional injury, suicide, and homicide

Front 74

What are the two biggest contributors to unintentional injury deaths?

Back 74

Motor vehicle accidents, unintentional poisoning

Front 75

"The story of the people"

Back 75

Demography

Front 76

The scientific study of the determinants and consequences of population trends (mortality, fertility, migration):

Back 76

Demography

Front 77

Reasons for measuring health/ill-health

Back 77

Disease/injury prevention
Health promotion
Health services planning
Program evaluation

Front 78

Which sex is more robust?

Back 78

Female

Front 79

Hypothesis a priori?

Back 79

Before they collected the data

Front 80

What is most directly associated with the accuracy of an estimate?
Standard deviation
variance
Standard error
Median
Range

Back 80

Standard Error

Front 81

When we accept the null, what is the probability of a type I error?

Back 81

zero

Front 82

What is the most effective method for reducing confounding in a study design?

Back 82

Randomization

Front 83

What effect does increasing alpha have on the chance of a type I error?

Back 83

Increases the chance.

Front 84

Only ____________ can help us determine if a result is 'significant' or suggests clinical significance.

Back 84

effect sizes

Front 85

Formula for Cohen's d:

Back 85

(mean1 - mean2)/SD

Front 86

Carrier status for typhoid fever is more common in which sex?

Back 86

Females

Front 87

Tuberculosis, measels, varicella, and possibly influenza can all be transmitted through:

Back 87

Droplet nuclei

Front 88

What percentage of ATV deaths are to passengers?

Back 88

12

Front 89

Type of bias which states that people receiving treatment are systematically different than the general population:

Back 89

Berkson's bias

Front 90

This bias is also known as prevalence-incidence bias; people with serious, more detrimental forms of a disease are less likely to show up in a point prevalence (not so much a problem with incidence)

Back 90

Neyman's bias

Front 91

Only study people who are homogenous for a known confounder:

Back 91

restriction

Front 92

Production of individuals improved solely because they were being watched:

Back 92

Hawthorne effect

Front 93

Mistaken belief that something is more likely to occur because it hasn't occured in a period of time:

Back 93

Gambler's fallacy