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339 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is public administration concerned with?
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The management of public programs
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Name 4 distinct features of public administration.
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Committment to public service, Pursuit of democratic values, Balancing multiple objectives, and Role of ethics
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What defines public administration?
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democratic values, ambiguity of goals, and high visibility
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What is democracy?
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Government of the people, for the people, and by the people
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What are 3 cultural values in democracy?
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Individualism, Equality, and Liberty
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What are the three branches? (Separation of powers)
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Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
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What are the similarities between business and public organizations?
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hierarchical structure, management, optimal organizational design, allocating scarce resources, people management
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What are the differences between business and public organizations?
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Goals, Ambiguity, Pluralistic decision making, Visibility, and Publicness
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Define individualism
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The idea that dignity and integrity of the individual is of supreme importance
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Define Equality
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Each individual has the equal claim to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
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Define Liberty
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Freedom. Comes with a set of responsibilities
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What is the role of the executive branch?
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It provides efficiency, and implementats policies
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What is the role of the legislative branch?
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It provides the policy-making function
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What is the role of the judicial branch?
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It provides interpretation of laws. Make sure laws are implemented correctly
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How do businesses and public organizations differ in their goals?
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Business = profit making, Pub Orgs = regulate social order and pursue democratic values (no profit in this)
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How do businesses and public organizations differ in their ambiguity?
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There are no clear goals/objectives in pub orgs.
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How do businesses and public organizations differ in their decision making?
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Business = decision making at the top, pub orgs = large # of people involved (pluralistic decision making)
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How do businesses and public organizations differ in their visibility?
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pub orgs are always in public eye and under constant scrutiny. This limits freedom of action.
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How do businesses and public organizations differ in their publicness?
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pub orgs = pub interests publicly arrived at are of greatest importance. Decision making is open to public scrutiny
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What are the dilemmas of public administration?
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The bureaucracy-democracy puzzle, the dichotomy of politics and administration, accountability, and efficiency vs. responsiveness
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Describe the dichotomy of politics and administration
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Woodrow Wilson stated that politics and administration cannot be combined. Policies must be done by politicians, but implemented by political-neutral parties. In practice, usually see a meshing of the two
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What needs to be done to ensure accountability in public administration?
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have a strong subjective sense of responsibility on part of administrators, high professional standards need to be instituted, desire for stronger ethics for public servants, creation of structural controls by the system, have legislators directly involved in policy implementation, substantial legislative review, have significant public participation in policy implementation, and have closer interaction of public administrators through public view alignment
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Describe the bureaucracy-democracy connundrum
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Democracy vs. Bureaucracy:
Importance of individual decision making vs. Values the work of many together Equality vs. Hierarchy Participative decision making vs. Top-down decision making |
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What is efficiency?
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Done quickly at the least cost
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What is responsiveness?
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May not be done quick or at the least cost. Responds to citizens
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Describe efficiency vs. responsiveness
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High speed of action will affect responsiveness. Having public participation is not efficient. Administrators have to work at some balance. There is no absolute soliution
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What are the three skills that all managers need according to Katz's 1974 study?
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Conceptual skills, Technical skills, and Human skills
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What are conceptual skills?
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The ability to visualize the larger picture of an organization. See it as a whole, how the parts fit, how each affects each other, and see it's interaction with it's environment
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Which skill is required most at the top level of management?
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Conceptual skills
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What are technical skills?
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knowing the methods, processes, and techniques to accomplish a task
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What skill is the most important at the level of supervisors?
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Technical skills
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What are human skills?
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Personal/interpersonal skills. The ability to work with others and in a group
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What skill is required at all levels?
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Human skills
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What are the two big questions in the political context of public administration?
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The relationship between public administrators with other members of executive, judiciary, and legislature and how are policies designed and put into effect
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What is the Executive Order of the President?
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A mandate of the president that has the effects of law. Used to direct officials/agencies in their work.
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Name administrative organizations
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Executive office of the president, cabinet-level deparments, presidential cabinet, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, public corporations, and supportive administrative agencies
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What does the Executive Office of the President do? Give an example
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Assists and advises the president. Ex. OMB - helps prepare and administer budget, reviews structure and management of govt agencies
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Describe cabinet-level departments
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Each department is headed by a secretary, who is a presidential appointee. All are headquartered in Wash D.C. These are the arms of the presidential mandate
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Name the cabinet-level departments (15 in all)
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Departments of Defense, Health and Human Services, Treasury, Agriculture, Interior, Transportation, Justice, Commerce, State, Labor, Energy, Housing and Urban Development, Education, Veterans Affairs, and Homeland Security
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Describe the Presidential Cabinet
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It includes cabinet-level secretaries, ambassador to the U.N and director of OMB. It is a personal preference of the president
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What are independent agencies?
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Created outside the normal cabinet organization
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What are regulatory commissions?
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They are designed to regulate particular areas of activity. They need to regulate with independence and objectivity. They are headed by individuals appointed by the president, but must be ratified by Senate. Are sometimes located inside a department
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What are public corporations?
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They have a commercial objective. They may get some funding from the market. (Ex. USPS, Amtrak)
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What are Supportive Administrative Agencies?
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They are agencies that support the work of the legislature and the judiciary
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What is autocracy?
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Government by one
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What is oligarchy?
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Government by the few
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What are policy analysts?
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Persons who provide important information about public programs through research into the operations and impacts of the programs
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What are program managers?
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Persons ranging from executive level to the supervisory level who are in charge of particular governmental programs
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What are staff managers?
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Persons who support the work of program managers through budgeting and financial management, personnel and labor relations, and purchasing and procurement
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What is a policy?
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A statement of goals and intentions about particular programs with detailed plans
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What is public policy?
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Authoritative statements by legitimate actors in the government on public problems. Reflects what the agency decides to do and not to do
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Who are the 3 important policy actors?
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Policy entrepreneurs, public organizations, and non-profit organizations
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How are policy entrepreneurs important policy actors?
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They invest time and money in pursuit of policy changes
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How are public organizations important policy actors?
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They have a vested interest in policy change. They implement policies and help write policy proposals, provide testimony and expert advice, and are involved in clarifying legislative intent
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How are non-profit organizations important policy actors?
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They spread info about policies that generate mass public opinion, try to influence policy makers, and sometimes employ lobbyists
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What is policy process?
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Activities and actions recquired to solve public problems
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What are the stages in the policy process?
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Agenda setting, policy formulation, and policy implementation
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What is agenda setting and what does it include?
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It assesses wheter action is required or not. It includes policy recognition, policy generation, and political action
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What is policy recognition?
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Sorting out important issues. Getting feedback on current programs sought or generating info on new programs
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What is policy generation?
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Solutions sought that address problems and have to be politically correct
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What is political action?
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Finding conditions for agreement. Legislators in support of policy will seek others in support
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What is policy formulation?
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It's the designing stage when legislation, executive order, and administrative rules will be written about the policy. It's the actual defining of policy. Where lots of political activity occurs. Iron triangles or subgovernments (alliances) happen. More effort is used to influence policy. Frequent and strong coalitions between 3 actors: interest groups, agency personnel, and members of Congress
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What is policy implementation?
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It's the activation stage.
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What is there a lot of room for administrative discretion in the policy implementation stage?
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Because legislature cannot define all fine points and have to leave room for implementors. Managers fill in the gaps.
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Name the four types of policy?
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Regulatory, Distributive, Redistributive, and Constituent
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What are regulatory policies?
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They limit the scope of action. Designed to change behavior. Ex. Crime law and drug enforcement
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What are distributive policies?
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They provide services to the public at large through provisional public goods, grants, or subsidies
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What are redistributive policies?
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They are designed to redistribute wealth (tax some groups, give to others) geared toward particular groups (ex. health care, social welfare)
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What are constituent policies?
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They serve the public (ex. defense and foreign policy) and serve the government (legislation that affects the structure and functioning of government)
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What is the role of bureaucratic power in the policy process?
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They provide expertise, administrative discretion, and agency power
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What are the structural controls in legislative supervision?
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Legislative veto, broad legislation for agency conduct, sunset laws, and sunshine laws
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What is legislative veto?
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Any action proposed by an executive on any policy subject to approval/disapproval of Congress withing 30-60 days
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What are sunset laws?
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Certain programs must be terminated unless given new lease of life by Congress. It aims to force the evaluation of programs
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What are the downsides of sunset laws?
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It is a costly process, is a burden to legislative staff, and questions the effectiveness of sunset laws
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What are sunshine laws?
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They prescribe that agency work must be done in the public eye. Many agency meetings have to be open to the public, with reasonable notice of time given, and minutes maintained
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Name ways that the legislature exercises legislative supervision?
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government operations committees, congressional hearings, staff evaluations of programs, and case work
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Name the seven forms of judicial structures
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Rule making, administrative procedures act, "Chevron" doctrine, concern for due process, mediation and arbitration, direct involvement of federal district courts, and judicial review of decisions
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What is rule-making? (judicial structure)
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After a hearing, judiciary decides guidelines that the administration must follow in the future in policy cases
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What is the administrative procedures act? (judicial structure)
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It examines if things are done according to rules and gives adequate notice to be cognizant
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What is the "Chevron" doctrine? (judicial structure)
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It states that if legislative direction is not adequate, administrator's interpretation must be upheld. The judiciary will examine action to see if it's permissible with existing laws
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Explain the concern for due process (judicial structure)
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To protect citizens' rights
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What is mediation and arbitration of the judiciary also known as?
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alternate dispute resolution
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How do governors exert pressure on the executive?
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Through veto legislation or line-item veto, reorganizing state agencies, and exercising power through elected officials
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What is line-item veto?
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You don't have to approve or disapprove the whole act, you can veto a certain part
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What are the structures at the local level?
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cities, counties, native american tribes, special purpose government, and non-profit or independent sector
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What are the three kinds of structures for organization of cities?
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Mayor-council, council-manager, and commission
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What is the mayor-council model?
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Both mayor and council are elected. Used in 49% of all cities. Usually found in large cities. Ensures higher degree of responsiveness
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What is the Council-Manager model?
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Elected council, appointed manager. Usually in mid-size cities. Manager is responsible for the executive task and only has a ceremonial role. Used in 42% of cities
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What is the commission model?
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Elected officials are in charge of particular parts of government
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Describe the counties role in government
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They provide services n behalf of the states or services that cannot be provided by individual municipalities of the state (ex. water disposal, mas transit)
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Describe the Native American tribes relationship with government
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They have the right to use land and be sovereign in their affairs. They cannot sell their land without permission of the federal government. It is a guardian relationship
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What are the two types of special purpose governments?
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special districts (ex. school districts) and public, non-profit corporations
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Describe the non-profit or independent sector
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They are influential in affecting policy at the local level, are prohibited to distribute profit to it's members, have intermixed sources of funding, are tax-exempt, profits must be used for purposes of the organization, meant to protect public interest
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What are the different kinds of non-profit or independent sector organizations?
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public benefit organizations, advocacy organizations, mutual benefit organizations (only benefit it's members), and churches
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What is cohesion?
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The degree to which members of a group are uniformly committed to the group and its goals
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What is an iron triangle?
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Term given to a coalition of interest groups, agency personnel, and members of Congress created to exert influence on a particular policy issue
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What is Ombudsman?
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Permanent office that receives complaints and acts on behalf of citizens to secure information, request services, or pursue grievances
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What is regulatory policy?
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Policy designed to limit actions of person or groups to protect all or parts of the general public
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Effectiveness of public programs depend upon what?
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The ability of agents to cooperate in the delivery of service
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What is intergovernmental relations?
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Relations between different levels of government
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What is intergovernmental management?
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Focusing on managerial aspects involved in intergovernmental relations
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Name the three different forms of intergovernmental relationships
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Confederation, Unitary system, and Federal System
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What is a confederation relationship?
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The constituency units grant powers to central government. The central government does not have the power to act independently
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What is a unitary relationship?
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All powers reside with the central government. Subnational governments receive specific orders. Powers are at the top level of central government
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What is a federal relationship?
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The sharing of powers between levels of government (central and state governments) The central govt has power for interstate commerce, foreign affairs, etc. States have elections and constitute local bodies. Shared powers = law making and tax collection
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What are grants?
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They are transfers of money from one level of govt to another
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Name the 11 types of grants
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categorical, block, formula, project, closed-ended, open-ended, matching, non-matching, entitlement, operating, and capital
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What are categorical grants?
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Funds must be spent for a narrowly defined purpose
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What are block grants?
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The money is targeted to a broad functioning area. Within the area, recipients are free to use money for the purpose they like
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What are formula grants?
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They are based on a predetermined formula. The money is allocated to different jurisdictions
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What are project grants?
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The recipient must complete a proposal to receive the grant
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What are closed-ended grants?
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A fixed amount of money to be distributed
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What are open-ended grants?
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No such fixed amount has been predetermined
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What are matching grants?
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It recquires the recipient to match the money given with it's own resources. Used as a way to minimize waste. Will be less wasteful of it's own resources
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What are non-matching grants?
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No such requirements imposed on the recipients
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What are entitlement grants?
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Assistance given to individuals meeting a particular criteria
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What are operating grants?
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Funds made available for the operation of projects and development of projects
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What are capital grants?
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Money given for construction or renovation
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What are the reasons grants are given?
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to bring states to a minimum desired level of services, to equalize needs and resources, to correct externalities, and to promote
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What are the effects of grants?
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waste of money, increase in government spending, has a centralizing effect, increase policy influence of central government
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What are the models of federalism?
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Nation-centered, State-centered, dual federalism aka layer federalism, cooperative-federalism aka "marble-cake federalism", creative federalism aka picket-fence federalism, Nixon-Ford version, Carter Version, Reagan-Bush version, Clinton's new federalism, and the Bush version
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What is nation-centered federalism?
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the national government is the dominant force in the federal system
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What is state-centered federalism?
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states are dominant force in the federal system
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What is dual federalism or layer federalism?
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Each government is supreme in it's area of activity. There is a competition between governments. Govts worked parallel with each other and never together
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What is Cooperative federalism or Marble cake federalism?
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A mismash of activities. Each level of govt cooperating with one another.
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What is creative federalism?
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Envisioned partnership of different governments and with private industry
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What is picket-fence federalism?
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When aid is given to specific programs, the professionals dominate over horizontal divisions between national, state, and local govts. Functioning bureaucracies at different levels of government become main sources of power
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What is the Nixon-Ford version of federalism?
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envisioned highly interdependent systems with focus on states. Was a shift from categorical grants to block grants
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What is the Carter version of federalism?
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A greater dependency of state governments on federal funding. A return to categorical grants
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What is the Reagan-Bush version of federalism?
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A subnational government view. Sought to curb federal government. General revenue sharing was too much money and too much discretion. Returning funding to states (Reagan "turnbacks", Bush "turnover"). Supply-side economy - taxes reduced, consumer spending and capital spending up, increases economy without federal funding and federal regulation
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What is the Clinton's New federalism version?
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Significant subnational bias. States must have freedom to shape policies based on their needs. Shifted decision making to states and local levels. Collapsed categorical grants into more flexible block grants so subnational levels had flexibility in using federal money. Wanted to end unfunded mandates
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What is the Bush version of federalism?
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An emphasis on market based models of service delivery. Creates partnerships with private sector and nonprofits. Allow the young to privately invest in social security and medical for elderly. Decentralized programs by using faith-based and community organizations for providing social services by giving them access to federal funds.
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What are the determinants of the federal-state relations of subnational governments?
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grants, preemptions, judicial activism, and mandates
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What are preemptions?
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Federal government efforts to preempt an area traditionally associated with state government. Causes the local governments to do things in a certain way
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What has the role of judicial activism done for federal-state relations?
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It has moved the federal government into traditional subnational levels
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Describe mandates
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They are statements, statutes, or administrative directives that compel subnational levels to do what they would not otherwise do.
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What are the two kinds of mandates?
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Direct orders and conditions of aid
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What are conditions of aid?
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Conditions that come attached to grants or aid that states and local govts must follow to receive aid
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What are direct orders?
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requirements or restrictions enforced by one government upon another.
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What are the two varieties of conditions of aid?
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Cross-cutting requirements (apply to many different programs) and program specific.
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What are the determinants of state-local intergovernmental relations?
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Dillon's rule, Charters, Mandates, state aid to local governments, state regulation of local activity, and state-level advisory commissions
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What is Dillon's rule?
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It allowed for state control over all but a narrow range of local activities
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What is home rule?
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Provides local governments autonomy
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What are charters?
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They specify contract between state and local governments.
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What are the three types of charters?
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special, general, and classified
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What are special charters?
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State govt prepares different charter with each local government
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What are general charters?
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The same charter for all local governments
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What are classified charters?
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Cities categorized into classes. Different charters for different classes of cities (class A and class B)
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What are the mandates role at the state-local level?
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localities mostly obtain mandates in form of direct orders.
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What are the reasons for regulative activities by states?
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Uniformity within state and to ensure certain minimum standards
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Explain state-state relations (5)
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Recquires that states recognize rights of citizens in other states. States must give full faith and credit to legal proceedings and public acts of other states. Relationship characterized by conflicts. Competition between states for private projects. Cooperation over technology
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Explain local-local intergovernmental relations (6)
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People live, work, shop in different areas. Informal cooperation between cities. Coucil of govts to serve oversight function. Partnerships between local govts. Cut across city boundaries to solve cross-boundary problems. Problem solving through mediation of higher governments.
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What are the advantages of privatization?
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Expected more personal attention to citizens, programs not belonging to government can be moved out of governments, many private or NGOs competing for service (reduce price, increase quality), private provision associated with greater efficiency
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What are the disadvantages of privatization?
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Firms try to "cream" easy cases and ignore the harder ones, NGOs seen to cut corners in the delivery of services, The service aspect is ignored, Reduction in caseload stopped materializing
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What are ways to partner with NGOs?
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grants and subsidies, creation of franchises, and a voucher system
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What is the role of grants in NPOs?
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NPOs are highly dependent on grants. Typically project grants.
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What is coproduction?
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Using volunteer activity to supplement or supplant the work of government officals
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What are councils of government?
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Oversight bodies representing various localities to help coordinate local affairs
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What is negotiated investment strategy?
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Bringing together representatives of all affected groups to set priorities for funding
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What is ethics?
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a branch of philosophy concerned with moral principles and moral action. Involves the search for moral standards and to act on those standards. It involves the use of reason to determine the proper course of action
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What is morality?
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practices and actions considered right or wrong for a group. Expresses the values that are important to a group
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What is moral action?
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Action tat is consistent with the morality of the group
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What is ethical relativism?
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Actions that are immoral in some place/circumstances and moral in other places/circumstances. It is the context that determines what is moral and immoral. No universal rules of conduct
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What is ethical deliberation?
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A skill that public administrators develop to work on ethical dilemmas
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What is needed to develop ethical deliberation?
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practice and capacity to reflect
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What are the three steps in ethical deliberation
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Clarify the facts, arrive at basic principles, and clearly identify conflicting arguments and provide alternative viewpoints
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What are the three approaches to ethical reasoning?
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moral philosophy, moral psychology, and moral action
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What is moral philosophy?
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Asks the questions how do we know what is right and wrong? HOw do we know what the right course of action is?
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What are the two approaches of moral philosophy?
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Utilitarianism and Deontological theory
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What is Utilitarianism?
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The greatest good for the greatest number. If the action has negative consequences, then the least harm to the less number of people. There are no universal principles. Believers in ethical relativism. Costs and benefits need to be evaluated
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What is the deontological theory?
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Public decisions must always be guided with fairness and equity. There are universal rules of conduct which will guide us in knowing whether it's right or wrong. Man must follow his duty. No relativism
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In moral psychology, what are the three stages of moral development?
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Preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional
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What is the preconventional stage?
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Individuals behave in a certain way out of their concern for consequences. Rewards and punishments are the guiding force
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What is the conventional stage?
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Things are done out of the desire to conform to standards. Trying to do the right thing based on conformity
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What are the two stages involved with the conventional stage?
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good boy/nice girl stage and good citizen stage
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What is the good boy/nice girl stage?
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Seek to meet expectations of those close to them (Parents, peers, teachers)
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What is the good citizen stage?
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Try to conform to the law and order. Accept conventions and rules of their society and try to conform. Honor and duty is important
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What is the post-conventional stage?
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Few manage to reach this level. Individuals follow the right course of action because of the understanding of rightness.
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What are the two stages in the post-conventional stage?
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social contract stage or legalistic stage and the highest stage of moral development
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What is the social contract stage or legalistic stage?
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individual recognizes the rights of others and understands why they do the right things
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Describe the highest level of moral development
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Freely choose choice of action. Understanding of rightness of abstract concepts
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What is moral action?
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The individual acts consistent with what they know to be the right course and action.
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What is practical wisdom?
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Skill of ethical decision making that comes through practice. Developed by Aristotle
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What is Cooper's argument regarding moral action?
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Virtues are traits of character that are acquired through reflection and conduct.
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What are the 7 kinds of ethical dilemmas
|
Administrative responsibility, Strong ethical dilemma in council-manager system, Following orders, Privatization, Conflict of Interest, Whistleblowers dilemma, and Sued for actions in course of offical duty
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What is administrative responsibility?
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Trying to align admionistration to the wishes of the citizens
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What are the dilemmas in administrative responsibility?
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the tension between efficiency and responsiveness, using the right amount of administrative discretion, the guidelines are hazy, administrator's job is to narrow down policy - is actually making legislation, Should the administrator blindly respond to the demands of a legislator?
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What is neutral competence of the bureaucracy?
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Bureaucrats are hired for technical skills, competence to implement mandates, and are neutral because they are not chose on a partisan basis
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What is the problem with neutral competence of the bureaucracy?
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Once a bureaucrat is part of the system, they develop a system toward party preference and are no longer neutral
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What is objective responsibility?
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(Feiner) The system relies on objective, external controls to bring bureaucrats in alignment with citizens' desires and administrative acts
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What is subjective responsibility?
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(Friedrich) Responsibility should come from within. The administrator's concern for the public interest is the only way to ensure administrative responsibility
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What are suggestions to achieve administrative responsibility?
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neutral competence of the bureaucracy, objective responsibiity, subjective responsibility, citizen-administator, and public participation
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What is the citizen-administrator role?
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(Cooper) It is the duty of the citizens to ensure that administrative responsibility is met. Citizenship comes with rights and responsiblities
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What is public participation?
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It recquires the direct involvement of the citizens in decision making. This can be done through open hearing, polling, placing citizens on advisory boards, cooptation
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What is the problem with public participation?
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Citizens may not be competent to make these decisions. Some citizens don't want that responsibility
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What is cooptation?
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(Selznick) When systems see a threat from the outside, involve them so that the threat is no longer a threat. Get the citizens involved, but do not give them any real power
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What is a representative bureaucracy?
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The bureaucracy reflects the demographic characteristics of an area/population. If it reflects the demographics, it will reflect the concerns of it's citizens.
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What is the problem with representative bureaucracy?
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Sometimes bureacuracy does not reflect the preferences of the people. Once become part of the bureaucracy, your preferences change
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What is the strong ethical dilemma in the council-manager system?
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Questions how far one should follow the decree of the council members. It is the responsibility of a manager to only follow a "democratic" government. Manager should only follow responsible council members. If not, he/she is under no obligatio nto follow
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What is the dilemma of following orders?
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Obedience is an important part of bureacuracy. People will blindly follow irrespective of content, ignore own conscience, follow orders because they believe it's coming from a legitimate authority
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What are the reasons for the privatization dilemma?
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private and non-profit sectors are a large provider of public services, Motivations of private sector defers (Want to maximize profits by cutting costs or increase revenues), Service "ethos" does not exist for private sector, how to ensure equity and accountability
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What is the Johnson Executive Order?
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(1965) Demanding public disclosure of financial statements
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What is the Ethics and Government Act?
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(1978) Provided detailed guidelines of monitoring public official's behavior
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What is the Hatch Act?
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(1993) Reforms introduced on political activity of officials
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What is value-based leadership?
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ethical standards must be exacting, must have common sense in standars, equitable standards required for all 3 branches of govt, and standards must not be unnecessarily restrictive
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What is the whistleblowers dilemma?
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The whistleblower provides info on fraud, waste, etc.
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What are the steps in whistleblowing?
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become aware, express concern to supervisor, take problem outside through a leak
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What are the 2 kinds of recourses in being sued for actions in course of official duty?
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absolute immunity and qualified immunity
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What is absolute immunity?
|
under no circumstance is public office liable for any damages
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What is qualified immunity?
|
If the official can show that they were acting in good faith, they are safe
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What are the 4 steps in fostering an ethical climate?
|
Ethics audit (clarify the value system the organization subscribes to), develop clear statement of ethics for the org, have training programs to know what ethics of the org are, lead by example
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What are ways to manage ethics?
|
through formal controls, strong ethical leadership, develop communication channels that provide feedback and clarify ethics, and fostering an ethical climate
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What are the budgeting differences between business and government?
|
Publicness (open to scrutiny) and size of the budget (huge fed budget)
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What is a budget?
|
A tool for planning, prioritizing expenditures, guiding operations, providing accountability and control
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What is fiscal policy?
|
It analyzes the effect of government taxation and spending of the economy.
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What is an overheated economy? What needs to be done? how?
|
high rate of inflation and low level of unemployment. Money needs to be taken out of the system. Done by raising taxes or the govt reducing own spending.
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How can the government stimulate the economy?
|
Through fiscal policy. Can put more money into the economy by decreasing taxes that will increase spending and stimulate production to stimulate spending.
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What are the 7 elements of budgeting?
|
Sources of revenue, Expenditures, Deficits, 4 Phases, Approaches, Types, and Strategies
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How do governments obtain revenue?
|
From their own sources (ex. taxation) and transfers from other governments
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What are the three criteria governments need to keep in mind in introducting new taxes?
|
fairness (taxes must be fair), efficiency (is the need high enough to support the cost of collecting that tax), and simplicity (to understand and apply)
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What are the 3 categories of taxes?
|
proportional, progressive, and regressive
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What are proportional taxes?
|
A flat tax. Same rate of tax applies to everyone.
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What are progressive taxes?
|
Those with higher income levels pay tax at a higher rate.
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What are regressive taxes?
|
Those with lower levels of income pay taxes at higher rates
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What are the five types of taxes?
|
Individual income tax, Corporate income tax, Payroll tax, Sales and excise tax, and Property tax
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Describe individual income tax?
|
It is the single, most important source for the U.S. goveernment and the primary source of income for the federal govt
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Describe payroll tax.
|
It is the 2nd largest source of federal revenue. Used to support social security. Involves employer contribution
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What are sales and excise taxes?
|
taxes levied on goods and services
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What are excise taxes?
|
May be used as a user charge, can be a consumption tax (designed to discourage consumption)
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What is sales tax?
|
tax on a broad range of goods and services. Sales typically go to state and local governments
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Describe property taxes
|
They go to the local government. There are many restrictions on use. Getting marginalized
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What is the expenditure element in budgeting?
|
Governments choose which programs to support each year and decide at what level to support them. The budget must necessarily reflect these 2.
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What are the 2 important kinds of programs for spending?
|
Entitlement programs and discretionary spending
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What are entitlement programs?
|
The congress decides to provide certain programs generally related to welfare and based on some eligibility recquirement. Receives almost automatic funding. "Uncontrollable" expenditures. Constitues 50% of the budget
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What is dicretionary spending?
|
It is a very small proportion of the budget (1/3) Congress and the president have a choice on which programs to support.
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What are deficits?
|
excess spending over income.
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What was Keynes view of deficits?
|
It can be an important tool of fiscal policy because when government spending is more, it puts money into the economy
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What are the problems with deficits?
|
when there's a large deficit,the government shells out a lot of interest, it erodes , limits private investment, and a slow down of the economy can result
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|
What are the 4 phases of the budget?
|
budget formulation, approval, execution, and audit
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|
What are the 5 steps in budget formulation?
|
set parameters for the budget, agencies prepare budgets and send them to the budget office, meetins and hearings are held at the budget office, the budget office prepares the budget document, and the chief executive transmits budget to the legislature
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|
Who is the primary person responsible for the budget at the state level?
|
The governor
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Who is the primary person responsible for the budget at the federal level?
|
the president
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What are the 4 steps in buddget approval?
|
budget submitted to legislature for approval, legislature passes parts of budget document to relevant committees for review, committee holds hearings, approval of budget by legislautre
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|
Who are the important agents in the budget approval process?
|
Legislators, committees, and Congressional Budget Office
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|
Who are the important agents in the budget formulation process?
|
the governor or president and the budget office
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|
|
QUIZ: Public administration can be briefly defined as...
|
the management of public programs
|
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|
QUIZ: T/F? In order to accomplish work tasks, one must have conceptual, technical and human skills.
|
TRUE
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|
QUIZ: T/F? Public administration in contemporary America faces a significant tension between the demands for efficiency and responsiveness.
|
TRUE
|
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|
QUIZ: T/F? Diversity of interests seeking to affect public policy is the nature and essence of democratic governance.
|
TRUE
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|
|
QUIZ: Public policies are...
|
authoritative statements by legitimate governmental actors about public problems
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|
|
QUIZ: The executive order of the President
|
is a chief instrument of presidential power
|
|
|
QUIZ: What is oversight?
|
occurs through congressional committee hearings and is regularly conducted by congressional agencies
|
|
|
QUIZ: T/F? Both Jefferson and Hamilton favored a centralized system with a strong federal government.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
QUIZ: T/F? The nonprofit sector is also referred to as the THird sector.
|
TRUE
|
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|
QUIZ: Court involvement in the specifics of administrative policy making and implementation includes...
|
evaluation of the health conditions in prisions, examination of policy implementation at a mental institution, and assessment whether the due process was followed by an administrative agency
|
|
|
MIDTERM: Three important cultural values that have helped shape the ideas of democracy in the United States are...
|
individualism, equality, and liberty.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: T/F? In public sector managment, the only important consideration is managerial efficiency and effectiveness.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
MIDTERM: The development of a complex intergovernmental system in the United States is rooted primarily in...
|
federalism
|
|
|
MIDTERM: The statement that local governments are "creatures of the state" and have only those powers granted by the state is known as...
|
Dillon's Rule
|
|
|
MIDTERM: Federal mandates...
|
are expressed in "conditions of aid" and may occur in direct imperatives from the national government
|
|
|
MIDTERM: Utilitarianism asserts that an action is ethical if...
|
it results in the greatest good for the greatest number of persons.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: At the conventional level of moral development the individual...
|
interprets actions as "right" and "wrong" in terms of standards established by a relevant social grouping.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: A deliberate effort to form an advisory board in order to "bring persons in opposition to one's program into the decision-making apparatus as powerless on-lookers who nonetheless feel themeselves to be participants" is an example of..
|
cooptation
|
|
|
MIDTER: T/F? An ethics audit involves concentrating on what organizational members do, not what they say they do.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
MIDTERM: Fiscal policy is concerned principally with...
|
the impact of government taxation and expenditures of the economy.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: A program that provides an established set of benefits to persons who meet eligibility requirements is called..
|
an entitlement program
|
|
|
MIDTERM: The two fundamental legislative actions in the budget process are...
|
authorizing and appropriations
|
|
|
MIDTERM: The line-item budget...
|
does NOT aid in the planning process, is NOT oriented toward the funding of programs, does NOT provide poor control of expenditures of such things as travel, supplies, and wages.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: T/F? The fiscal year for the federal government begins on October first.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
MIDTERM: Important elements in developing a strategic plan include...
|
preparing a statement of organizational mission, environmental analysis, and evaluation of existing capablities of the organization.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: The purpose for identifying the longest possible time it will take to complete a project in a PERT analysis is to...
|
identify those aspects of the implementation process where any delay will produce delay in entire project.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: Program evaluation...
|
facilitates legislative oversight of programs, assists in holding program administration accountable, enhances administrative control of programs.
|
|
|
MIDTERM: T/F? Decision analysis techniques are used in cases involving high degress of certainty.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
QUIZ: The principal effects of the images held by a manager include...
|
impact on our success as managers, the implication that the organization's characteristics are partly a matter of the perception of the manager, and how a manger is oriented toward power relations
|
|
|
QUIZ: POSDCORB..
|
is an acronym developed by Luther Gulick and refers to the functions of public management
|
|
|
QUIZ: The human interactions that parallel those that are required by the organizational structure are called the...
|
informal organization
|
|
|
QUIZ: Partly as a result of the Hawthorne studies, management studies..
|
turned to a focus on human relations and management style in the workplace
|
|
|
QUIZ: The "scientific management" approach involves...
|
viewing the worker as a kind of machine, strict control of workers in an organization so as to achieve greater efficiency, and the notion that the fundamental normative goal of the organization is efficiency
|
|
|
QUIZ: An approach to organizational change emphasizing open communications, experimentalism ,and cooperative work is called...
|
Organizational development
|
|
|
QUIZ: T/F? Managerial skills are innate, or inborn
|
FALSE
|
|
|
QUIZ: T/F? A "scalar principle" refers to the horizontal divison of labor in an organization
|
FALSE
|
|
|
QUIZ: T/F? Organization development approaches planned change through a focus on process
|
TRUE
|
|
|
QUIZ: T/F? "Theory Y" refers to a management theory based on assumptions that workers are lazy, resistant to work and uncooperative
|
FALSE
|
|
|
What are the five personal skills?
|
stress management, time management, creativity and problem-solving, individual decision making, and power and leadership
|
|
|
What are the two major causes of stress?
|
role conflict and role ambiguity
|
|
|
What is role conflict?
|
It arises when the individual is faced with two different and conflicting demands
|
|
|
What is role ambiguity?
|
It arises when the individual is not clear about his/her rights and responsibilities
|
|
|
What does stress lead to?
|
burn out, poor performance, poor concentration, exhaustion, distraction, psychological problems, and other health problems
|
|
|
What is a type A personality?
|
high desire for achievement, highly competitive, persistent need for recognition, high levels of mental and physical high alertness. They are more closely related to stress
|
|
|
What is a type B personality?
|
They more more easy going and relaxed
|
|
|
What are techniques for stress reduction?
|
Behavioral change that changes the lifestyle, counseling, develop support system, relaxation techniques
|
|
|
What are relaxation techniques?
|
deep breathing, visualizing and preparing for situations that are likely to come up in front of you, diversion to pleasant activities, meditation, relaxation response
|
|
|
What are the four steps in the relaxation response?
|
illicit or establish a quiet environment, mental device for repeating a particular word or phrase, adoption of a passive attitude, adoption of a physically comfortable position
|
|
|
What are steps in time management?
|
establish and prioritize goals, develop a to-do list, prioritize among these to dos
|
|
|
What are the two techniques in prioritizing these to dos?
|
The ABC System and the 5 category scale
|
|
|
What is the ABC System?
|
A= tasks essntial to complete, B= less essential, C= tasks that can be postponed to a later date
|
|
|
What is the 5 category scale?
|
1= activities that are urgent and important, 2= activities that are important but not urgent, 3= urgent but not important, 4= not important and not urgent, 5=waste of time
|
|
|
Who said that the psychological makeup leads people to address problems in different ways?
|
Jung
|
|
|
What are the two differences in how people problem solve?
|
how people acquire/perceive information and how people process/make decisions
|
|
|
What are two ways of acquiring information?
|
sensation/sensing and intuition
|
|
|
What are two ways people make decisions?
|
Thinking and feeling
|
|
|
What is thinking?
|
a rational and logical way of processing information. Normally want logical and practical conclusions. Careful and objective. Appears to be cold and uncaring
|
|
|
What is feeling?
|
emphasis based on deciding right or wrong or based on a preference for better or worse. Makes value judgements. Tends to be subjectivity. Generally friendly and engaging though not objective.
|
|
|
What are the three models in individual decision making?
|
Prescriptive, descriptive, and combination
|
|
|
What is the prescriptive model?
|
How decisions SHOULD be made. Rational model of decision making
|
|
|
What is the descriptive model?
|
How decisions ARE made.
|
|
|
What is Herbert Simon's Bounded Rationality?
|
Classical model of rationality that maximizes utility is wrong. People characterized by satisficing behavior
|
|
|
What is satisficing behavior?
|
Making decisions decisions good enough
|
|
|
What is the combination model?
|
Lindblom's incremental decision making. Both prescriptive and descriptive. Analyzed how public sector decision making provided normative judgment on it
|
|
|
What are the four steps in the prescriptive model?
|
Fidning occasion for decision making, formulating problem in best possible way, developing as many alternative solutions as possible, choose the alternative with the maximum likelihood of attaining goal
|
|
|
What is the descriptive model (aka)?
|
Bounded rationality. People have limited capacity to keep information and are therefore bounded to what they can process
|
|
|
What is Lindblom's model?
|
All decision making is incremental: analyze the situation, incrementally change this existing situation. Not drastically, but marginally.
|
|
|
What is the reasoning behind Lindblom's model?
|
Want to build on existing strengths. Helps decision makers to reduce complexity on decision making which is a desirable thing.
|
|
|
What are the skills required for leadership?
|
capacity to motivate others, takes risks, able to work in groups.
|
|
|
Where does power come from?
|
referent power (charisma) and export power (ability to punish)
|
|
|
What are the elements that characterizes what managers do?
|
Figure-head/leader role in organization, liason role, monitoring, resource allocation, job of handling disturbance, negotiation, Innovating and ability to handle change, planning, directing subordinates, communicating
|
|
|
What are characteristics of managers' work?
|
diverse, loosely defined, high pressure with conflicting demands of managers' time, action-oriented
|
|
|
What are skills for effective managers?
|
good personal and interpersonal skills, able to communicate well, decisive, capacity to motivate and lead others
|
|
|
What is the importance of organizations?
|
enables us to accomplish more, predictability and regularity, helps build consistency in work and behavior patterns, helps enforec fairness in the system, and clarifies expectations for and from the individual
|
|
|
Why theorize about organizations?
|
Can design and manage better, helps managers understand power relations and clarify managerial perceptions of the organization, and will affect perceptions about the organization
|
|
|
What are the four theories of organization?
|
classical school of thought, human behavior theory, systems theory, and organizational culture and organizational development school
|
|
|
What are the two focii in classical theory?
|
What should be managerial functions/role and organizational structure
|
|
|
What were the 5 functions for managers that classical theorist Henry Fayol discussed?
|
planning, organizing, commanding, controlling, and coordinating
|
|
|
What was POSDCORB that classical theorist Gulick talked about?
|
Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting
|
|
|
What so all classical theorists believe?
|
The organizational structure should be top-down structures and have single centers of power
|
|
|
What was classical theorist, Weber's contribution?
|
invented bureacracy. Could be applied to any large organization, structure with clear hierarchy, must be impersonal. Should employ qualified staff. Not based on spoils system or personal characteristics. Strict discipline and control
|
|
|
What was classical theorist, Taylor's contribution?
|
focused on industry. Optimal organizational design geared toward efficiency. "The Machine" - mechanical view of organizing.
|
|
|
What were the 4 steps in how Gulick said a CEO can develop structure of an organization?
|
define the job, select a director, creation of units within the agency, establish structure of authority
|
|
|
What were the 4 rules under departmentalization?
|
based on purpose being served, process involved, persons being dealt with, geographic location
|
|
|
What were the 4 principles that are critical in developing organizational structure that classical theorists Mooney and Reilly talked about?
|
should be coordination through unity of command, vertical division of labor aka scalar principle, functional principle (departmentalization), and distinction between line and staff officers
|
|
|
What is human behavior theory?
|
Emphasis on informal aspects of organizations. importance placed on human behavior
|
|
|
What were the Hawthorne studies? (Human behavior theory)
|
Workers responding to what they felt - thought they were special. Worked harder because of this
|
|
|
What was MacGregor's Theory X?
|
workers are lazy and dislike work. Must coerce them to work
|
|
|
What is Theory Y?
|
Work is natural to people. do not need to be coerced to work. will work out of committment
|
|
|
What was human behavior theorist, Argyris' study?
|
looked at interaction between the individual and government. take into account human desire of growth and development. Fuse with organizational objectives. Can support role by perfoming managerial duties.
|
|
|
What is systems theory?
|
the environment has a critical effect on the organization. taking in feedback helps organization to achieve a balance
|
|
|
What are theories of organization culture and organization development?
|
must understand culture in organizations. culture is inherent.
|
|
|
What does organizational culture include?
|
observe regular behavior, group norms, espoused values, formal philosophy, rules of the game, embedded skills, climate, shared habits, symbols, shared meanings
|
|
|
What is organizational development?
|
approac to change by stressing on factors like open commnication, cooperative work, and experimentalism
|
