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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the diameter of a capillary?
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8/1000 of a mm
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What is a capillary?
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It's a thin-walled tube, usually 1 cell-layer thick made of endothelial cells with no elastic or connective tissue or smooth muscle.
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What is the maximum distance a cell can be from a capillary?
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No more than 5/1000 of an inch
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How many capillaries are in the human body, and how long do they tend to be?
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There are thousands of miles of capillaries in the adult person and each is about 1 mm long.
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How much of the total circulatory blood does the capillary system have at any given time?
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5% of total circulatory blood
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Capillaries have what at their ends, which controls blood flow?
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Sphincters
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Why do capillaries have a resistance to blood flow?
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Because capillaries are so narrow.
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What must food nutrients in the capillary blood do in order to be delivered to the tissue cell?
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They diffuse across the capillary wall and into the interstial fluid.
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Capillary walls are highly permeable to what?
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Water and plasma solutes except plasma proteins.
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Why does protein-free plasma pour out of the capillaries and into the interstitial fluid?
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Because the hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries is greater than that in the interstial fluid.
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What drains the excess fluid and protein left over from the capillaries?
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The lymphatic system
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At the beginning of a capillary, the net flow is into the interstial fluid. Therefore, which is greater: hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure?
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Regarding pressure, what happens at the end of a capillary?
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Hydrostatic pressure decreases, Osmotic pressure increases, and net flow is into the capillary causing net absorption throught the whole system
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What is a normal defense mechanism of the body intended to localize and remove a harmful agent?
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Inflammation
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What are causes of inflammation?
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Physical Damage, chemical damage, ischemia, allergic reaction, physical agents, foreign bodies, and infection
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What happens when mast cells and platelets get damaged?
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They release chemical mediators into the interstial fluid and blood.
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What does vasodilation due to chemicals cause?
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Increases blood flow in the area (hyperemia)
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What causes plasma proteins that would normal stay inside the capillary to leak out into the interstial space along with increased amounts of fluid?
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Increase capillary permeability
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At the site of injury, what serves as antibodies?
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Globulins
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What forms a "seal" to localize the injuring agent?
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Fibrinogen
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What attracts leukocytes?
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Leukocytes are atrracted by chemotaxis to the area of inflammation where cells are spilling their contents
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What do you call interstitial fluid that forms in an affected area?
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Exudate
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Which type of exudate is thick, sticky, and contains high cell and fibrin content?
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Fibrinous exudate
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Which type of exudate is watery, straw colored/clear, and is usually mostly fluid with a few cells?
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Serous exudates
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How would one classify serosanguinous exudates?
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Made up of serous and blood, can look orange-reddish in color but not quite as clear as serous exudate
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How would one classify purulent exudate?
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Thick, yellow-green, has more leukocytes and cell debris than the other exudates. May indicate a bacterial infection and may smell
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What is a local pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue that may be bloody if blood vessels have been damaged.
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An abscess
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What can you use to find out the number of white blood cells there are in a pt's blood?
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A differential count
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Elevated cell enzymes or isoenyzmes may indicate what?
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Severe inflammation and necrosis
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What may cause the temperature control center in the hypothalmus to reset body temperature increase?
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Fever due to release of pyrogens
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What can inflammation resulting from musculoskeletal injuries such as sprains and fractures cause?
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Skeletal muscle spasms
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Skeletal muscle spasms may be strong enough to do what?
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Force a joint out of normal alignment and increase pressure on nerves resulting in pain
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What causes an ulcer?
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Severe or prolonged inflammation due to cell death and lack of cell regeneration cause tissue erosion.
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What is considered the inflammatory phase?
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The first 48 hours after an injury
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What type of tissue is easily disturbed and can be attacked by microorganisms?
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Granulation tissue
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What is the main ingredient of scar tissue?
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Collagen
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T or F: Scar tissue can be as good or functional as the original tissue?
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FALSE
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What enters the wound area and produces collagen?
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Fibroblasts
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Which phase occurs after inflammation and goes to closure?
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Proliferative Phase
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What is the process called when scar tissue build-up is greater than scar tissue break-down? (AKA Keloid)
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Hypertrophic scarring
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What promotes fibroblast growth and attracts other cell structures such as angioblasts?
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Macrophages
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What is the importance of Vitamin A?
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Growth and integrity of epithelial tissue
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What is the importance of Vitamin C?
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Essential to integrity of capillary walls and the intercellular substance of connective tissue
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What can scar tissue lack?
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Hair follicles, glands, and sensory nerve endings
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Why does scar tissue decrease range of motion?
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Because it is non-elastic and tends to shrink over time
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What are scar tissue bands that connect two surfaces that are usually seperate and prevent normal movement?
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Adhesions
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What is a deviation from the normal state of health of from a state of wellness?
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Disease
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How does a disease develop?
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A disease develops when significant changes occur in the body leading to a state in which homeostasis cannot be maintained.
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T or F: Because an individual is blind, they are considered to be in bad general health?
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FALSE
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What is the study of functional of physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes.
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Pathphysiology
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What is the laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease?
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Pathology
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What is the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis?
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A biopsy
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What is an examination of part or all of the body, including organs, after death to determine the cause of illness and death?
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An autopsy
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What refers to the identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, laboratory test, or other tools?
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A diagnosis
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What is concerned with teh causative factors in a particular disease?
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Etiology
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What is the term used to describe when the cause of a disease is unknown?
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Idiopathic
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What does one call a case in which a treatment, procedure, or an error may have caused a disease?
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Iatrogenic
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What is the development of a disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process?
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Pathogenesis
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What would one call a sudden, short-term illness marked with signs such as a high fever or severe pain?
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An acute disease
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What would one call a disease with more mild conditions than an acute disease but it persists for a long time and may be marked by intermittent acute episodes?
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A chronic disease
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What is the state that exists in some conditions where pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations are exhibited by the pt?
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A subclinical state
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What is known as the time between exposure to a microorganism adn the onset of the signs and symptoms?
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The incubation period
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What is the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of changes in the body but the signs are nonspecific?
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The prodromal period
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How would you classify the general manifestations of inflammation such as mild fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, and anorexia.
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Systemic
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What are objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual?
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Signs
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What are subjective feelings such as pain or nausea?
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Symptoms
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What is the term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue?
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Lesion
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What is a collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a certain condition?
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Syndrome
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What is a laboratory test that assists in teh diagnosis of a specific disease?
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Diagnostic Test
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What is the manifestation of an increasing disease called?
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Exacerbation
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What is a condition that triggers an acute episode?
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A precipitating factor
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What are the tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual and indicate high risk for a disease?
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Predisposing factor
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What are new, secondary, or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins?
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Complications
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What are the treatment measures used to promote recovery or to slow down the progress of a disease?
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Therapy
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What describes the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition?
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Sequelae
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What is the period of recovery and return to normal healthy state?
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Convalescence
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What defines the probability for recovery?
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Prognosis
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What indicates the disease rate within a group?
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Morbidity
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What indicates the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease?
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Mortality figures
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What is the science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of a disease?
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Epidemiology
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What is the importance of epidemiologic records?
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They include data on the transmission and distribution of disease as well as control of infectious diseases and environmentally-related diseases.
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What is it called when there are many cases of an infectious disease within a given area?
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Epidemic
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What is indicated by the number of new cases of a disease noted within a stated time period?
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The incidence of a disease
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What are infections that can be spread from one person to another?
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A communicable disease
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Tissues are frequently modified as a response to what?
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Hormonal stimulation or to environmental stimuli
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Irreversible changes in a cell signal what?
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A change in DNA structure
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What is an increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass called?
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Hyperplasia
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What is it called when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type?
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Metaplasia
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What is it called when cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis increases?
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Dysplasia
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What is it called when cells that are undifferentiated have variable nuclei and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures?
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Anaplasia
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What is anaplasia associated with?
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Malignancy or cancer and is the basis for grading a tumor
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What term means new growth and is commonly referred to as a tumor?
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Neoplasm
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What are malignant neoplams referred to as?
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Cancer
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How do cells become damaged or destroyed?
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Changes in metabolic processes, ATP production, pH in the cells, or by damage to the cell membrane
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What are ways to injure cells in the body?
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Ischemia, physical agents, excessive heat, radiation exposure, mechanical damage, chemical toxins, foreing substances, microorganisms, abnormal metabolites, nutritional deficits, and imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
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What does one call decreased oxygen in the tissue?
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Hypoxia
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A severe oxygen deficit interferes with what?
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ATP production in the cell, leading to loss of the sodium pump at the cell membrane, as well as a loss of other cell functions
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What is anaplasia associated with?
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Malignancy or cancer and is the basis for grading a tumor
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What happens to the nucleus following cell death?
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It disintegrates
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What term means new growth and is commonly referred to as a tumor?
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Neoplasm
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The release of lysosomal enzymes causes what?
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Inflammation and damage to nearby cells
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What are malignant neoplams referred to as?
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Cancer
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What is the term used when a group of cells die?
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Necrosis
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How do cells become damaged or destroyed?
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Changes in metabolic processes, ATP production, pH in the cells, or by damage to the cell membrane
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What are ways to injure cells in the body?
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Ischemia, physical agents, excessive heat, radiation exposure, mechanical damage, chemical toxins, foreing substances, microorganisms, abnormal metabolites, nutritional deficits, and imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
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What does one call decreased oxygen in the tissue?
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Hypoxia
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A severe oxygen deficit interferes with what?
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ATP production in the cell, leading to loss of the sodium pump at the cell membrane, as well as a loss of other cell functions
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What happens to the nucleus following cell death?
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It disintegrates
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The release of lysosomal enzymes causes what?
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Inflammation and damage to nearby cells
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What is the term used when a group of cells die?
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Necrosis
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What is the term used for an area of dead cells resulting from a lack of oxygen?
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Infarction
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T or F: Myocardial cells do not undergo mitosis?
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TRUE, therefore scar tissue must replace the dead tissue
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The first stage of TB is characterized by what?
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Development of a granuloma
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What is a form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms?
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Caseous Necrosis
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What is the name of the granuloma associated with TB?
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Ghon focus or complex
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What is an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria?
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Gangrene
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How long do brain cells and heart muscles last without oxygen?
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Brain cells last about 4 - 5 minutes; Heart muscles can last up to 30 minutes
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What occurs when there is a lack of any electrical activity in any neurons in the brain and complete absence of responses?
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Brain death
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two causes of cell damage and necrosis
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ischemia/hypoxia or physical injury
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three causes of physical injury to a cell
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microorganisms, radiation, chemicals
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seven factors affecting healing
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site of wound, mechanical effects, size of wound, infection, circulatory factors, nutritional factors, age ALSO presence of systemic disease, radiation, systemic medications
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Define: acute
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indicates a short-term illness that develops very quickly with marked signs such as a high fever or severe pain
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Define: anaerobic
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metabolism and function without oxygen
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Define: anorexia
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loss of appetite
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Define: apoptosis
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normal programmed cell death in tissues
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ASA stands for:
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acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin
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ASA and NSAID side effects
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allergic reaction, mouth or stomach ulcers, increase blood clotting time
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What is an AST?
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test for liver disease or acute MI
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Define: atrophy
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degneration and wasting of tissue, organs or muscle due to decrease in cell size
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What happens during cell death?
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release oflysosomal enzymes damaging nearby cells and prolonging inflammation
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Define: chemotaxis
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the movement of cells toward or away from an area of the body in response to chemical signals e.g. Phagocytic cells move to an area of tissue injury
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Define: chronic
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a condition with insidious or slow onset, mild but continuous manifestations, and long-lasting, often progressive effects
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Define: chronic inflammation
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less swelling but more lymphocytes, more collagen and more scarring, granulomas
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Define: coagulative necrosis
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occurs when the cell proteins or altered or denatured and cells retain some form for a time affter death, myocardial infarction, when lack of oxygen causess cell death
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Define: collagen
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the common protein making up connective tissue and bone
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Define: communicable disease
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a disease that can be transmitted from an infected person, directly or indirectly, to other susceptible hosts
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Define: diapedesis
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passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
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Define: endogenous
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originating from within the body
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Define: epidemic
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a disease occuring in higher numbers than usual in a certain population within a given time period
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Define: ESR
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - the rate at which RBCs settle out of a blood specimen (containing anticoagulant), an elevation in ESR is a general characteristic of inflammation
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Define: exogenous
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originating from outside the body
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Define: fat necrosis
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occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes
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Define: fibrinogen
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the plasma protein that is formed into solid fibrin strands during the clotting process
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Define: fibroblast
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a cell from which connective tissue develops
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What are some glucocorticoid side effects?
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increase risk of infection, osteoporosis risk, increase muscle wasting, decreased healing rate, ulcers, increased HBP
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Define: glucocorticoids
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steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that can decrease capillary permeability and stabilize the vascular system, block immune response, decrease WBC and mast cells at site
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Define: granulation tissue
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newly developed fragile tissue, consisting of fibroblasts and blood vessels, formed during healing
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Define: granuloma
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a nodular destructive mass (tumor or growth) associated with some chronic inflammation or infection
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What is healing by regeneration?
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damaged cells undergo mitosis and replace tissue with identical tissue but can decrease funtion of organ
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What is healng by resolution?
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tissue is minimally damaged, damaged cells recover and return to normal (mild sunburn)
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Define: hematocrit
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percentage of erythrocytes in a blood sample
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Define: hematopoiesis
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the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)
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Define: hyperemia
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increased blood flow in an area, resulting in a warm, red area
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Define: hypoxia
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a decreased or insufficient level of oxygen
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Define: infarction
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an area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply
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Define: inflammation
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the response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
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Define: interferons
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a group of antiviral glycoproteins produced by viral-infected cells
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Define: ischemia
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decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
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Define: isoenzymes
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cell enzymes, specific to certain organs, that differ slightly in structure, but have similar functions
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Define: latent
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present but hidden and inactive, silent stage
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Define: leukocytosis
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an above normal number of leukocytes (WBCs) in the blood
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Define: liquefaction necrosis
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refers to the process by which dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes, brain tissue and certain bacterial infections
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What are some local effects of acute inflammation?
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pain, redness and warmth, swelling and edema, loss of function
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Define: lysis
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destruction of a cell
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Define: lysosome
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a membrane-bound vesicle in a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme macrophage
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Define: malaise
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a general feeling of discomfort or unease, of being unwell
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What is the duration of the maturation phase?
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can last from closure to 2+ years
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Define: microorganism
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very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single celled
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physical therapy for inflammation addresses
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decreased functioning due to inflammation by therapeutic exercise to increase mobility and increasing circulation to decrease fluid, cheimcal mediators and increase removal of waste metabolites
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physical therapy for wound healing contains
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hydrotherapy, e-stim to promote healing, ultrasound during proliferative and remodeling phase, hyperbaric oxygen for chromic wounds, CPM for, exercise, bracing and splinting, positioning, devices, education
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Define: pyrexia
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fever
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Define: pyrogen
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a substance that causes fever, a rise in body temperature
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Define: regeneration
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tissue repair through replacement by identical functioning cells
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Define: remission
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course or progress of a disease during which the manifestations of the disease subside
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Define: serum
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watery part of the blood
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short term treatments of inflammation
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cold application, heat application, moderate activity, physical therapy, rest and nutrition
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Define: somatic death
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the cessation of life, permanent cessation of all vital bodily functions
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