Pt759 Neuroscience Quiz 2

Front 1

What are the two basic types of cells of the nervous system and what are their functions?

Back 1

Neurons: nerve cell
Glial: supporting cells

Front 2

What do dendrites receive from other neurons and the environment?

Back 2

dendrites receive signals from neurons and the environment via synapses and specialized receptors

Front 3

The dendritic membrane is also called the __ membrane. What do dendrites contain and what is their function?

Back 3

Dendritic membrane ~ Postsynaptic membrane. Dendrites contain receptors and they function to detect neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.

Front 4

Anterograde Axonal Transport

Back 4

from cell body towards terminals

Front 5

Fast Anterograde Axonal Transport

Back 5

from cell body towards terminals

transport of neurotransmitters/vesicles

Front 6

Slow Anterograde Axonal Transport

Back 6

from cell body towards terminals

transport of microtubules/neurofilaments/metabolic components of the terminal

Front 7

Multipolar Neuron

Back 7

multiple extensions from soma
ex. spinal motor neurons and most neurons in the brain

Front 8

Bipolar Neuron

Back 8

2 extensions from soma
ex. rods and cones of eye

Front 9

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

Back 9

2 axons
ex. sensory receptors in dorsal root ganglion

Front 10

Principle/Projecting/Type I Neurons

Back 10

excitatory
send info. over long distance
form large tracts

Front 11

Intrinsic/Type II Neurons

Back 11

inhibitory
send info. over shorter distances
ex. cells in cerebellar and cerebral cortices

Front 12

Primary Sensory Neurons

Back 12

connect with non-neural cells
neurites in the sensory surface of body

Front 13

Primary Motor Neurons

Back 13

connect with non-neural cells
synapse with muscles/command movement

Front 14

Interneurons

Back 14

*most common
forms connections with other neurons

Front 15

Function of Glia in ADULT

Back 15

provide structural support
control the environment of nervous system
- bring nutrients
- remove waste
- maintain electrochemical surroundings

Front 16

Astrocytes
Location/Functions

Back 16

Astrocytes: CNS
Location:
- space between neurons
Function:
- maintain environment
- structural support
- secrete growth factors
- pathway for migrating neurons

Front 17

Oligodendrocytes
Location/Functions

Back 17

Oligodendrocytes: CNS
Location:
- CNS
Functions:
- forms myelin sheath around axons in CNS

Front 18

Microglia
Location/Functions

Back 18

Microglia: CNS
Location:
- gray and white matter of CNS
Function:
- clean neural environment
- phagocytosis of debris

Front 19

Ependymal Cells
Location/Functions

Back 19

Ependymal Cells: CNS
Location: CNS
Function:
- move CSF in ventricles

Front 20

Satellite Cells
Location/Functions

Back 20

Satellite Cells: PNS
Location
- surround cell bodies
Functions:
- structural and metabolic support

~Astrocytes (CNS)

Front 21

Schwann Cells
Location/Functions

Back 21

Schwann Cells: PNS
Location:
- myelin sheath around axons
Functions:
- ensheath unmyelinated axons
- provide structural support

~Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Front 22

Macrophages
Location/Functions

Back 22

Macrophages: PNS
Location:
- PNS
Functions:
- phagocytosis of debris

~Microglia (CNS)

Front 23

3 PNS Connective Tissue Layers of Spinal Cord
Function

Back 23

1. Epineurium
- external
- covers sensory and motor neurons
2. Perineurium
- middle
- covers bundles of sensory or motor neurons
3. Endoneurium
- deep
- covers individual axons

Front 24

Effects of Demyelination

Back 24

Demyelination: slowed or blocked transmission of signals

Front 25

Immune system produces antibodies that attack oligodendrocytes producing patches of CNS demyelination. What's the disease?

Back 25

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 26

Inflammatory disease that causes rapid and progressive demyelination, may lead to areflexia. Most patients recover in a matter of weeks or months. What's the disease?

Back 26

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Front 27

Caused by acute traumatic injury that involves lysis of cell membranes. What's the neuronal injury?

Back 27

necrotic cell death

Front 28

Genetically determined process of cell death. What's the neuronal injury?

Back 28

apoptosis

Front 29

Axonal injury close to cell body causes neuron to degenerate and cell body swells. Death to cell body due to death of the axon. What's the neuronal injury?

Back 29

chromatolysis

Front 30

Damage to a neuron results in the degeneration of another postsynaptic neuron closely associate with the same function. What's the neuronal injury?

Back 30

Anterograde transneuronal degeneration

Front 31

Damage to cell body causes damage to previous cells. What's the neuronal injury?

Back 31

Retrograde transneuronal degeneration

Front 32

Changes that occur distally to the site of damage on an axon
- axonal segment distal to the damaged site swells and becomes irregular
- eventually- axon and terminals are broken down into fragments
What's the neuronal injury?

Back 32

Wallerian degeneration

Front 33

Lack of blood supply that causes neuronal death. What's the neuronal injury?

Back 33

Ischemia

Front 34

Simple Diffusion

Back 34

transport of solutes across membrane
not for ions that are charged
rate increases with higher concentration gradient

Front 35

Passive Transport/Facilitated Diffusion

Back 35

ion goes through channel proteins
no energy required

Front 36

Active Transport

Back 36

requires carrier protein- uses energy
may goes against the usual concentration gradient-- can push an ion 'uphill' against gradient

Front 37

Membrane potential is influenced by:

Back 37

Membrane potential is influenced by:
1. diffusion of ions across passive ion channels
2. opening and closing of facilitated ion channels
3. active transport of ions and other molecules via sodium potassium pump

Front 38

Where are Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- located in relation to the cell.

Back 38

Na+: extracellular
K+: intracellular
Ca2+: extracellular
Cl-: extracellular

Front 39

What are characteristics of passive (leak) channels?

Back 39

Passive (Leak) Channels
- always open
- ions pass through continuously
- flow DOWN concentration gradient

Front 40

Where are Na+ channels located?

Back 40

at axon hillock

Front 41

Where are Ca2+ channels located?

Back 41

presynaptic terminals
needed to initiate release of NT

Front 42

Where are G-protein channels located?

Back 42

postsynaptic terminal (chemically gated)

Front 43

Where are Ligand-gated channels located?

Back 43

post-synaptic terminal
respond to NTs

Front 44

Non-gated channels are responsible for:

Back 44

resting membrane potential

Front 45

Voltage-gated channels are responsible for:

Back 45

generation and propagation of AP

Front 46

Ligand-gated channels are responsible for:

Back 46

synaptic potential (incoming signals to neuron)

Front 47

The resting phase is maintained by:

Back 47

Na+-K+ channels and Na+-K+ pump

Front 48

Depolarization causes a rapid increase in membrane permeability of __, which rushes inside the cell.

Back 48

Depolarization causes a rapid increase in membrane permeability of Na+, which rushes inside the cell.

Front 49

During repolarization __ diffuses rapidly out of the cell to restore resting membrane potential.

Back 49

During repolarization K+ diffuses rapidly out of the cell to restore resting membrane potential.

Front 50

What is the most common type of synapse? Where are they located?

Back 50

Chemical Synapses
Location: CNS

Front 51

Where are electrical synapses located? What is unique about them?

Back 51

Electrical synapses:
located in Hypothalamus
faster and more precise than chemical synapses
directly touch

Front 52

inhibitory synapses lead to __ of the neuron.

Back 52

inhibitory synapses lead to HYPERPOLARIZATION of the neuron

Front 53

excitatory synapses lead to __ of the neuron.

Back 53

excitatory synapses lead to DEPOLARIZATION of the neuron.

Front 54

Antibodies destroy voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane. What is the disease?

Back 54

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

Front 55

Autoimmune disease. Antibodies attack and destroy nicotinic receptors on muscle cells. Weakens muscles, especially as a result of exercise. What is the disease?

Back 55

Myasthenia gravis

Front 56

Demyelination caused by destroying Schwann cells, affects feet and legs. Pain, hyporeflexia, weakness, atrophy. What is the disease?

Back 56

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Front 57

Prevents release of NT. Paralyzed diaphragm, especially affects motor neurons in spinal cord. Small doses used therapeutically. What is the disease?

Back 57

Botulism

Front 58

bacteria in open wounds releases toxin. Makes interneurons in spinal cord less inhibitory, hyperexcites muscles, creates extreme spasm. What is the disease?

Back 58

Tetanus