Pt2 Module 2 Exam 1

Front 1

Gram stain process

Back 1

stain sticks in thicker cell wall of gram positives, fixed with iodine, the rinse only washes out of gram negatives.

Front 2

Gram Positive aerobes

Back 2

Cocci:
- staphylococcus
- streptococcus
- enterococcus
Bacilli
- Bacillus antracis
- Corynebacterium diptheriae
- Listeria monocytogenes

Front 3

Staphylococcus are

Back 3

gram positive aerobes

Front 4

Streptococcus are

Back 4

gram positive aerobes

Front 5

Enterococcus are

Back 5

gram positive aerobes

Front 6

Staphylocci arrangement

Back 6

cocci in clusters

Front 7

Staphylococcus categories

Back 7

Coagulase positive = S aureus
Coagulase negative (CNS)
- won't be differentiated, but will be either:
- S. epidermis
- S saprophyticus

Front 8

Coagulase positive

Back 8

is S. aureus

Front 9

Coagulase negative

Back 9

is not differentiated in most labs and listed "CNS"
but will be either S. epidermis or S saprophyticus

Front 10

Staphylococcus properties/infections

Back 10

Part of normal skin flora
Infections:
- skin & soft tissue
- HAP after 48 hours in the hospital
- bacteremia
- endocarditis

Front 11

UTI with CNS is almost always

Back 11

S saprophyticus

Front 12

Streptococcus morphology

Back 12

cocci in pairs or chains

Front 13

Necessary to treat staph

Back 13

2 of 3 positive cultures, because contamination is likely due to normal existence on skin

Front 14

Streptococcus classification

Back 14

2 systems and a hybrid:
Lancefield - antigenics
Brown - hemolysis
Clinical - a combination

Front 15

Lancefield

Back 15

"Lancefield - Letters"
a classification system for Streptococcus based on antigenic characteristics of the outer membrane (Group A-H, K-U)

Front 16

Brown

Back 16

"Brown - Blood"
Classification system of Streptococcus by the type of hemolysis. - Alpha, Beta, Gamma

Front 17

Alpha bugs

Back 17

Brown classifications of gram+ aerobes:
- Streptococcus viridans
- S. mutans
- S. pneumoniae

Front 18

Beta bugs characteristics

Back 18

Brown classification of gram+ aerobes
- clear zone (remember the plate?)
- Groups A, B, C, and Enterococcus

Front 19

Group A Streptococcus

Back 19

S pyogenes (this is beta hemolysis)

Front 20

Group B Streptococcus bugs

Back 20

S Agalactiae

Front 21

Gamma bugs

Back 21

Brown classification that are non-hemolytic.
Include some Group D streptococcus

Front 22

Streptococcus pyogenes infections

Back 22

(Group A, beta hemolytic): pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fascitis

Front 23

Streptococcus agalactiae infections

Back 23

(Group B, beta hemolytic): sepsis, meningitis

Front 24

Viridans group: inhabits where? infections?

Back 24

They normally inhabit GI, oral cavity, and female genital tract
- Endocarditis

Front 25

Infections due to Streptococcus pneumonia

Back 25

(Pneumonococcus)
- bacteremia
- meningitis
- CAP

Front 26

Enterococcus history

Back 26

Formerly classified as Group D streptococci

Front 27

Enterococcus species and resistance

Back 27

- E. faecalis (85-90%), less resistant
- E. faecium (10 - 15%), more resistant

Front 28

Common Enterococcus infections

Back 28

UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, wound infection

Front 29

Gram positive anaerobes

Back 29

Cocci:
- peptococcus
- peptostreptococcus
Bacilli:
- Clostridal group

Front 30

Clostridial group

Back 30

C. perfringens
C. tetani
C. difficile (colitis)
C. botulinum (botulism)

Front 31

Gram negative aerobes
(bacilli)

Back 31

Enteric Bacilli (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE):

Escherichia coli
Serratia marcescens
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus
Salmonella
Shigella
Citrobacter

Front 32

Escherichia coli (3 points)

Back 32

normal intestinal flora
most common cause of UTI and food poisoning
Facultative anaerobe

Front 33

Facultative anaerobe

Back 33

can reside in the presence of oxygen or absence.
Typically take aerobe and anaerobe culture, E. coli grows in both

Front 34

Opportunistic pathogens

Back 34

These include Serratia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter.
Will take advantage of antibiotics or comorbidity

Front 35

Klebsiella to remember

Back 35

K. pheumoniae (most common)
K. oxytoca (more resistant)

Front 36

Most common Enterobacter and the infections they cause

Back 36

E. aerogenes
E cloacae
See these in HAP, some CAP, bacteremia and intra-abdominal

Front 37

Enterococcus is not

Back 37

Enterobacter

Front 38

Proteus

Back 38

unique because it swarms
P vulgaris (indole +)
P. mirabilis (indole -)
Common cause of UTI

Front 39

NON-Enteric Bacilli

Back 39

(Some of the gram- aerobes)
Pseudomona aeruginosa
acinetobacter spp.
Helicobacter pylori (PUD)
Burkholderia cepacia
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Front 40

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infections from, where found, looks like

Back 40

major nosocomial agent
assoc w/extensive burns, CF, cytotoxic therapy
motile, rods
Green pigment
multiplies readily in water (humidifiers, sink traps)

Front 41

Acinetobacter

Back 41

A baumannii well known, but uncommon cause of healthcare related inf
gram- aerobe
Substantial resistance
Bloodstream, pneumonia, and wound infections
Iraq war veterans

Front 42

Gram- aerobe
Cocci

Back 42

Moraxella catarrhalis (AKA Branhamella) (respiratory)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis

Front 43

Gram- aerobes coccobacillus

Back 43

Bordatella pertussis (on the rise!)
haemophilus influenza

Front 44

Moraxella catarrhalis

Back 44

causes upper, lower respiratory infections.
Is gram- aerobe, cocci
Named coverage: Macrolides, ketolides

Front 45

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 45

gram - aerobe cocci

Front 46

neisseria meningitidis

Back 46

gram - aerobe cocci

Front 47

Bordetella pertussis

Back 47

gram - aerobe coccobacillus
whooping cough

Front 48

gram- anaerobe baccili

Back 48

know Bacteroides fragilis
- part of intra-abdominal flora
- will cause intra-abdominal infection
There is also the Bacteriodes group
- B. distasonis
- B ovatus
- B. thetaiotaomicron

Front 49

Atypicals

Back 49

lack cell wall and cannot be stained
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- chlamydia pneumoniae
- Legionell pneumophilia

Front 50

Normal bacteria flora - SKIN

Back 50

Staphylococci
Streptococci