Pt Ii Electrical Modalities

Front 1

Theory of electrical modalities

Back 1

1) charged particles move from an area of high concentraction to areas of lower concentration

2) as an electrical force is applied to particles, they can be propelled from higher energy states to lower ------> Action potential

Front 2

Unit of measure for CURRENT

Back 2

amps, mA, or uA

Front 3

How many coulumbs in 1 amp?

Back 3

1 coulumb

Front 4

electromotive force needed to produce a flow of electrons from high potential to low potential?

Back 4

volt

Front 5

materials that FACILITATE movement of electrons

Back 5

conductors

Front 6

materials that RESIST movement of electrons

Back 6

insulators

Front 7

opposition of electron flow in a conductor is called?

Back 7

resistance
=electrical impedence

Front 8

Unit of measure for resistance?

Back 8

ohm

Front 9

Ohm's Law

Back 9

-current in an electrical circuit is DIRECTLY proportional to VOLTAGE and INVERSELY proportional to RESISTANCE

Front 10

Equation for current in Ohm's Law

Back 10

current = volt/resistance

Front 11

electrical power (watts) = ?

Back 11

voltage X amps

Front 12

PT modalities fall within what 4 Hz ranges?

Back 12

1) HIGH
100,000-3,000,000 Hz

2) MEDIUM
2,000-10,000 Hz

3) LOW
1-2,000 Hz

4) ULTRA - LOW
<1 Hz

Front 13

Which modalities fall into the HIGH frequency range?

Back 13

1) diathermy
2) IR
3) UV
4) US

Front 14

Which modalities fall into the MEDIUM frequency range?

Back 14

1) interferential
2) Russion stim

Front 15

Which modalities fall into the LOW frequency range?

Back 15

1) Biphasic
2) TENS
3) HVPC
4) LVPC
5) Microcurrent

Front 16

Which modalities fall into the ULTRA-LOW frequency range?

Back 16

1) microcurrent

Front 17

What are the 3 types of current that electrotherapeutic modalities can generate?

Back 17

1) AC
2) DC
3) Pulsed

Front 18

AKA for AC current?

Back 18

biphasic

Front 19

AKA for DC current?

Back 19

monophasic

Front 20

Modalities that generate an AC current (biphasic)?

Back 20

1) interferential
2) microcurrent
3) TENS

Front 21

Modalities that generate a DC current (monophasic)?

Back 21

1) LVG
2) HVPC
3) LVPC
4) Microcurrent

Front 22

Modalities that generate a Pulsed current?

Back 22

1) HVPC
2) LVPC
3) Microcurrent
4) TENS

Front 23

-unidirectional flow of electrons

-can be set at + or -

Back 23

monophasic

Front 24

-poles are switched

-flow of electrons is reversed over and over

Back 24

biphasic

Front 25

-can be mono or biphasic

-interuption of current or flow

Back 25

pulsed

Front 26

What are the 3 types of waveforms?

Back 26

1) sinusoidal
"arch-like"

2) rectangular

3) triangular

Front 27

Intensity of current?

Back 27

amplitude

Front 28

-individual waveform

-may comprise of 1 or 2 phases

-portion which rises above or goes below the baseline

Back 28

pulse

Front 29

gaps in a pulsed current are called?

Back 29

interpulse interval

Front 30

length of time that current is flowing?

Back 30

pulse duration

Front 31

period of time from start of one pulse to the beginning of the next?

Back 31

pulse period

Front 32

amount of electricity being delivered to the patient during each pulse?

Back 32

pulse charge

Front 33

type of current where pulse and phase charge are equal?

Back 33

monophasic

Front 34

asymmetric biphasic waveform?

Back 34

faradic wave

Front 35

Muscular and nervous tissue respond to the impulses depending upon what 3 things?

Back 35

1) Hz
2) length of time b/t pulses
3) modulation

Front 36

any change in duration or magnitude of a pulse?

Back 36

modulation

Front 37

amplitude of wave stays constant for a long period of time?

Back 37

continuous modulation

Front 38

What is used with monophasic current to produce a build up of ions?

Back 38

continuous modulation

Front 39

What causes tissue hardening?

Back 39

at (+) pole, negative ions produce an ACID rxn

Front 40

What causes tissue softening?

Back 40

at (-) pole, an ALKALINE rxn

Front 41

Tissue hardening and softening by ions is termed?

Back 41

medical galvanism

Front 42

-current flows for some time then turned off for sometime

-used to re-educate or strengthen muscles and improve ROM

Back 42

interrupted modulation

Front 43

pulsed current for a short duration followed by interuption for a short duration usually milliseconds?

Back 43

burst modulation

Front 44

-amplitude of wave is increased then leveled off then decreased gradually

-time usually thirds

Back 44

ramped/surged modulation

Front 45

-interrupted modulation using 2 channels

-alternating contraction flextion/extension

Back 45

alternating/recirocating/switch rate modulation

Front 46

+ pole is called?

Back 46

anode

Front 47

(-) pole is called?

Back 47

cathode

Front 48

negatively charged ions attracted to anode?

Back 48

anions

Front 49

positively charged ions attracted to cathode?

Back 49

cations

Front 50

Coulomb's Law

Back 50

-unlike charges attract, while like charges repel

Front 51

What are the 2 types of electrical circuits?

Back 51

1) series circuit

2) parallel circuit

Front 52

-only 1 path for the ions to flow from one electrode to the other

Back 52

series circuit

Front 53

-more than one pathway is provided for current flow

Back 53

parallel circuit

Front 54

Which part of a circuit has a large amount of electrons?

Back 54

cathode

Front 55

Current will seek out the path of lease resistance.

Back 55

Kirchoff's Principle

Front 56

Which circuit is created when you put electrods on the skin?

Back 56

series circuit

Front 57

Circuit where current travels the path of least resistance?

Back 57

parallel circuit

Front 58

Tissue conductivity is relative to what?

Back 58

water content

*skin = high imedance
*nerves = low impedance, but myelin is fat therefore high impedance

Front 59

Conduction of muscles

Back 59

muscles conduct 4X better longitudinally than transversely

Front 60

Conductivity relative to resistance?

Back 60

High resistance = poor conductivity

Front 61

Physiological effects of electrical current?

Back 61

1) create ms contraction

2) stimulate sensory nerves to decrease pain

3) creates polar effects in tissues to stimulate or alter healing

4) create electrical field to drive (+) ions into skin

Front 62

electrical current that creates electrical field to drive (+) ions into skin is called?

Back 62

ionophoresis

Front 63

What allows the cell membrane to form potential differences b/t inside and outside the cell?

Back 63

Na/K pumps

Front 64

What creates a resting membrane potential?

Back 64

Na pumped OUT

K pumped IN

Front 65

impulse required potential to be reduced below threshold level

Back 65

action potential

Front 66

What is needed for an action potential to occur?

Back 66

-impulse needs to be STRONG enough and LONG enough for ions to be pushed thru MB exceeding pump capacity

Front 67

neutralizing cell membrane potential

Back 67

depolarization

Front 68

membrane incapable of depolarization.

pumps are actively trying to re-establish resting membrane potential

Back 68

absolute refractory period

-about 0.5 usec

Front 69

another action potential can be produced if stimulus is strong enough

Back 69

relative refractory period

Front 70

membrane becomes partially insensitive due to repeated stimulation before full restoration of membrane resting potential

Back 70

Wedensky inhibition

Front 71

contraction magnitude is increased when frequency of depolarization increases.

Back 71

summatino of contraction

Front 72

constant non-varying muscle contraction is called?

Back 72

tetany

Front 73

Hz for tetany?

Back 73

20-85 Hz

Front 74

Muscle contraction occurs under the _______.

Back 74

cathode

Front 75

Increasing the intensity of a stimulus will result in what?

Back 75

deeper penetration

Front 76

When electrodes are placed further apart, how does the current travel?

Back 76

deeper

Front 77

Pulsed/interrupted modulation should be done at a ratio of _____.

Back 77

1:3

Front 78

Which waveform may not be a good idea due to muscle accommodation?

Back 78

ramped waveform