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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aka Actinotherapy
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Radiation Therapy
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Cryotherapy is used for which phase of injury?
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Acute - Phase I
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3 types of cryotherapy application
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1) Conduction
2) Evaporation 3) Convection |
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Volatile liquids being sprayed on skin describes which application of cryotherapy?
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Evaporation
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Use of currents and a fluid medium describes which cryotherapy application?
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Convection
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Cold causes the heart rate to decrease/increase.
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Increase
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Localized effects of cold include vasoconstriction/vasodilation and increased/decreased muscle tone
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Vasoconstriction; increased muscle tone
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All of the following are REFLEX effects of cold except:
a) Vasoconstriction of internal organs b) Increased perspiration and glandular activity c) Anesthesia of PNS |
B
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The Hunting Reaction is described as when cooling becomes extreme, the body undergoes bursts of vasodilation/vasoconstriction in an attempt to avoid injury to local tissues causing necrosis.
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Vasodilation
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Prolonged cryotherapy causes all of the following except:
a) Hypothermia b) Increased heart and respiratory rates c) Decreased blood pressure d) Local vasodilitation |
B
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M/C form of cryotherapy
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Cold packs
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Typical application time for cold packs.
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20-30 min
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CBAN stands for what?
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Coolness, Burning, Aching, Numbness
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What is the longest stage of CBAN?
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Burning
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Typical application time for ice massage?
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5 min
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2 types of vapocoolant sprays used in cryotherapy
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Ethyl chloride and Flouri-methane
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T/F: You cannot combine electrotherapy with heat or ice.
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False
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Treatment time for clay compresses?
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1 hour
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Name of gas used in cryomatic units
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Freon
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T/F: Cryomatic units are very dangerous because they can burn patients.
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False
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Cryomatic unit indication
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Acute IVD syndrome
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Indications for ice massage
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1) Stop bleeding
2) Stop inflammation 3) Slow edema 4) Soothe burns 5) Heal closed sores 6) Bites and blisters |
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Contraindications for ice include all of the following except:
a) Raynaud's b) Chilblain c) Coma d) RA e) Cryesthesia f) Heat sensitivity |
F
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T/F: Always begin and end tx w/ heat when alternating ice and heat.
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True
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Assisting the body in adapting to or normalizing aberrant processes in an abnormal state and alleviating is what?
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Primary goal of PT
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T/F: Passive and active PT modalities are meant to be a substitute for chiropractic adjustments.
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False
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Primary effect of heat is _____ while the primary effect of cold is hypothermal.
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Thermal
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Sub acute - stage 2 - regeneration/reparative phase of soft tissue injury generally lasts how long?
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72 hrs to 6-8 wks
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Chronic - stage 3 - remodeling/toughening stage lasts how long?
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6-8 weeks to 1 year
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Pain, immobility and edema are part of which stage of soft tissue injury?
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1
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Why is scar tissue weaker than regular tissue?
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There are FEWER CROSS LINKAGES.
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Which stage of soft tissue injury has vessel permeability promotion?
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Acute - phase I
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation
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1) Rubor
2) Calor 3) Dolor 4) Tumor |
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Passive and Active modalities are typically done in which phase of soft tissue injury?
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Regeneration - Subacute- Phase II
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T/F: Passive and active PT modalities are meant to be a substitute for chiropractic adjustments.
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False
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Primary effect of heat is _____ while the primary effect of cold is hypothermal.
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Thermal
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Sub acute - stage 2 - regeneration/reparative phase of soft tissue injury generally lasts how long?
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72 hrs to 6-8 wks
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Chronic - stage 3 - remodeling/toughening stage lasts how long?
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6-8 weeks to 1 year
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Pain, immobility and edema are part of which stage of soft tissue injury?
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1
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Why is scar tissue weaker than regular tissue?
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There are FEWER CROSS LINKAGES.
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Which stage of soft tissue injury has vessel permeability promotion?
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Acute - phase I
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation
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1) Rubor
2) Calor 3) Dolor 4) Tumor |
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Passive and Active modalities are typically done in which phase of soft tissue injury?
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Regeneration - Subacute- Phase II
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Which stage of soft tissue injury involves decreased tenderness, thickening, and territorial invasion?
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3
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Why is a trauma history so important if the patient has scar tissue?
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Scar tissue is weaker and more susceptible to future injury.
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Why is remodeling phase an excellent support for prolonged chiropractic care?
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The remodeling phase may last up to 5 years.
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2 most abused modalities in PT.
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Heat and ice
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PRICES-2 means what?
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Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation, support, every two waking hours
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3 reactions that take place as a result of heat
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1) Analgesia
2) Inc metabolism 3) Inc enkephalins causeing sensory sedation |
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Why is scar tissue weaker than regular tissue?
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There are FEWER CROSS LINKAGES.
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Which stage of soft tissue injury has vessel permeability promotion?
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Acute - phase I
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation
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1) Rubor
2) Calor 3) Dolor 4) Tumor |
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Passive and Active modalities are typically done in which phase of soft tissue injury?
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Regeneration - Subacute- Phase II
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Which stage of soft tissue injury involves decreased tenderness, thickening, and territorial invasion?
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3
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Why is a trauma history so important if the patient has scar tissue?
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Scar tissue is weaker and more susceptible to future injury.
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Why is remodeling phase an excellent support for prolonged chiropractic care?
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The remodeling phase may last up to 5 years.
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2 most abused modalities in PT.
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Heat and ice
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PRICES-2 means what?
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Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation, support, every two waking hours
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3 reactions that take place as a result of heat
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1) Analgesia
2) Inc metabolism 3) Inc enkephalins causing sensory sedation |
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of heat therapy?
a) Inc antibodies - FEVER b) Dec phagocytosis c) Inc nutrients d) Inc O2 e) Healing |
B
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Main localized effect of heating.
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Pain control
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T/F: Never use heat in the acute patient.
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True
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How does heat get used after 72 hours?
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It brings in fresh blood to enhance healing.
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T/F: Heat applied to low back may increase blood flow to shoulder.
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True
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For every 18ºF of inc in body temp, metabolism inc 2-3x.
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Law of Van't - Hoff
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What is the effect of heat on urine formation?
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Polyuria
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4 types of heat transfer
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1) Conduction
2) Convection 3) Radiation 4) Conversion |
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Current produces oscillations that give off heat is called what?
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Conversion
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Exchange of heat between a surface and a fluid moving over that surface.
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Convection
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M/C form of superficial heat therapy in office
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Hydrocollator
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Indications for hot pack therapy.
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1) after 72 hrs
2) dec pain 3) Detox 4) chronic pts -- break up scar tissue 5) to speed healing |
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Contraindications for hot pack therapy
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1) Pus
2) Phase I 3) Bleeding 4) Diabetics 5) Pregnants 6) Contact lenses 7) Infection 8) metal in or on pt 9) Cancer |
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Rules of heat application
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1) Test heat pack on yourself
2) Stop if pt complains 3) Skin dry? 4) Pad bony prominences 5) Check pt every 3-5 min for comfort |
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4 towel wrap is ___ layers thick while 3 towel wrap is ___ layers thick.
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8; 6
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Hydrocollator packs maintained at what temp?
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150-170ºF
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Paraffin therapy use
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Non-acute arthritic pain and disability
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Paraffin ratio
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4:1 hot wax to mineral oil
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Why is mineral oil put in paraffin?
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To lower melting point of wax
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T/F: Paraffin transfers heat by evaporation.
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False - Conduction
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Paraffin is followed by what other treatments
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Massage and exercise
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How long and how is paraffing therapy done?
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By immersion 7-10 times
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Paraffin contraindications
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Acute - Phase I
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Unique quality of fluidotherapy
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Can be used to treat open wounds
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Turning electrical into mechanical energy
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Piezoelectric effect
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Ultrasound causing a vibrational frequency in tissue is an example of what?
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Piezoelectric effect
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T/F: Continuous ultrasound causes micromassage and heat
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True
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M/C crystal used in ultrasound head piece.
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Barium Titanate
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Best coupling media used with ultrasound
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Water
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This media impedes ultrasound flow
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Air
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Bony prominences should be treated under water why?
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Periosteal burns
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Maximum ultrasound commericial setting of intensity
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2.5 W/cm2
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T/F: Ultrasound sound head should be kept perpendicular to the skin being treated
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False - Parallel
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T/F: Intensity determines the depth of penetration when using ultrasound.
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False - Frequency
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T/F: Hemoglobin absorbs ultrasound waves.
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True
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Ultrasound frequency used to treat fibrotic or sclerotic contractures
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1.1 MHz
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Ultrasound frequency used to reduce edema
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3.3 MHz
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T/F: Ultrasound does NOT have an antiseptic effect in tissues.
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False
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Introducing a substance via the skin by a coupling medium and ultrasound
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Phonophoresis
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Ultrasound intensity used for acute injury and thin skin
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0.5 to 1.0 W/cm2
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Ultrasound intensity used for acute injury and thick skin
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1.0 to 1.5 W/cm2
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Ultrasound intensity used for acute injury and thick skin under water.
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1.5 to 2.0 W/cm2 (add 0.5 W/cm2 for under water)
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Ultrasound intensity used for chronic treatment of thin skin under water
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1.5 to 2.0 W/cm2 (add 0.5 W/cm2 for water)
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Ultrasound tx duration for chronic healing
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8-10 min
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Ultrasound tx duration for subacute edema.
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4-6 min
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Ultrasound can be used for a diagnostic tool in this case, but is contraindicated as a treatment in this case
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Fracture
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Ultrasound indications
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1) Non-acute relaxing of muscles
2) Pain control 3) WOUND HEALING |
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Top 10 mistakes with ultrasound
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1) Painting barn
2) Short tx time 3) Too long tx time 4) Low intensity 5) High intensity 6) Wrong frequency 7) Ice B4 ultrasound 8) Mixing topicals and coupling gells 9) Moving head too fast 10) Unit not calibrated by law |
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T/F: Ultrasound units need to be calibrated every 6 mo.
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False - 1 year
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Peak intensity/Spatial intensity of ultrasound
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BNR = Beam Non-uniformity Ratio
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Ideal BNR
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5:1
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Modalities using < 1 MHz (ULTRA LOW)
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Microcurrent
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Modalities using 100000 to 3 million MHz(HIGH)
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1) Infrared
2) UV 3) Short wave diathermy 4) Micro wave diathermy 5) Ultrasound |
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Modality using 2-10000MHz(MEDIUM)
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Interferrential Current
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Modality that produces enkephalins AND endorphins
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Interferrential Current
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Modalities using 1-2MHz(LOW)
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1) Low-Volt Galvanic (LVG)
2) High Volt 3) Sine 4) Faradic 5) T.E.N.S. |
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Best modality for healing
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Microcurrent
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2nd best modality for healing
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Ultrasound
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Microcurrent effects on body
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1) Î ATP
2) Î healing 3) Î protein 4) Dec pain |
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aka Deep Heating
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Diathermy
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Body heat is elevated by passage of high frequency current through tissues.
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Diathermy
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M/C short wave diathermy frequency
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27.33 MHz
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M/C short wave diathermy wavelength
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11 m
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Diathermy frequency 13.66 associated w/ which wavelength?
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22
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Diathermy frequency 40.98 associated w/ which wavelength?
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7.5
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M/C form of deep heat
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Short wave diathermy
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Goal of this modality is NOT to create heat, but to create energy expenditure within the tissues.
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Diathermy
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W/ Diathermy maximum heat is produced at the ______ of muscle belly.
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Center
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The higher the electrolyte content of tissue the _____ the impedance w/ respect to diathermy.
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Lower
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Which is heated more with diathermy muscle or fat?
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Muscle
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All of the following are effects of diathermy except:
a) Histamine release b) Phagocytosis c) Decreased capillary pressure d) Detoxification |
C
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Which modality has the highest effect on hepatic circulation?
a) Moist heat b) Infrared c) Interferrential d) Short-wave diathermy |
D
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Which two effects are seen with diathermy?
a) Dec heart rate b) Analgesia c) Phagocytosis d) Hypertonicity |
B and C
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Diathermy contraindications (4)
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1) Wet skin
2) Hearing aids 3) FEVER 4) Growth plates 5) Gonads |
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Level 1 Diathermy is associated w/ chronic or acute phase?
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Chronic
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Level 2 Diathermy is associated w/ chronic or acute phase?
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Acute
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2 areas of the body that have the most conductivity of diathermy
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1) Muscle
2) Brain |
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Indications for Short Wave Diathermy
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Non-acute itises
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Contraindications for short Wave diathermy
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Hemorrhage, metal, malignancy, pregnancy, ischemia, pacemaker, acute(bleeding, inflammation, open wounds)
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Largest system in body
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Musculoskeletal System
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% body weight of fascia
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16%
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T/F: Fascia, if damaged, can lead to trigger points, referred pain and ANS dysfunction.
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True
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Embryological origin of fascia
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Mesoderm
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Fascia damage is caused by what three things?
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1) Trauma
2) Poor posture 3) Inflammation |
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A small region in a muscle or fascia that has impaired oxygen and energy supply due to restricted circulation yet has increased energy demand.
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Trigger Point
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Trigger point that causes pain at rest or a twitch
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Active trigger point
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Trigger point that causes pain upon palpation only
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Latent trigger point
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