Pt 541 Neuroanatomy Exam 1

Front 1

What is the quest to understand the nervous system?

Back 1

Neuroscience

Front 2

What is chemistry and physics involved in neural function?

Back 2

Molecular Neuroscience

Front 3

What are cell types and individual functions?

Back 3

Cellular Neuroscience

Front 4

What are groups of neurons and common functions?

Back 4

Systems Neuroscience

Front 5

What is the interaction among systems that influence behavior?

Back 5

Behavioral Neuroscience

Front 6

What is thinking, learning, and memory and their role in thinking, planning, and performing motor skills?

Back 6

Cognitive Neuroscience

Front 7

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Back 7

Neuron

Front 8

What are cells in the nervous system?

Back 8

Neuron
Glia

Front 9

Which neurons transmit information from the CNS to the body?

Back 9

Efferent

Front 10

Which neurons transmit information from the body to the CNS?

Back 10

Afferent

Front 11

What are non-neuronal cells that function to support, nourish, and protect?

Back 11

Glial Cells

Front 12

What are the 3 systems that extend through all regions of the nervous systems?

Back 12

Somatosensory
Autonomic
Somatic Motor

Front 13

Which system conveys information from the skin and musculoskeletal systems to areas of the brain?

Back 13

Somatosensory

Front 14

Which system provides bidirectional communication between the brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells?

Back 14

Autonomic

Front 15

Which system transmits information from the brain to skeletal muscles?

Back 15

Somatic Motor

Front 16

What are the 4 regions of the nervous system?

Back 16

PNS
Spinal
Brain Stem and Cerebellar
Cerebral

Front 17

Which region of the nervous system includes all parts that are encased in the vertebral column?

Back 17

Spinal

Front 18

Which region of the nervous system make up the medulla, pons and midbrain, and cerebellum?

Back 18

Brain Stem and Cerebellar

Front 19

Which region of the nervous system make up the largest part of the brain and it made up of 2 hemispheres and the diencephalon?

Back 19

Cerebral

Front 20

Which direction is rostral?

Back 20

Toward the head

Front 21

What contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

Back 21

DRG

Front 22

In which direction is the fissure on the spinal cord?

Back 22

Anterior

Front 23

Which matter is composed of axons and contains more fat (myelin)?

Back 23

White matter

Front 24

Which matter is primarily composed of neuron cell bodies?

Back 24

Gray areas

Front 25

What are groups of cell bodies in the PNS?

Back 25

Ganglia

Front 26

What are groups of cell bodies in the CNS?

Back 26

Nuclei

Front 27

What is gray matter on the surface of the brain?

Back 27

Cortex

Front 28

What are the 7 main parts of the CNS?

Back 28

Spinal Cord
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Cerebral Hemisphere

Front 29

Which region contains groups of neurons that control equilibrium, CV activity, respiration, etc?

Back 29

Brainstem and Cerebellar Region

Front 30

Which structure is continuous with the spinal cord and contains roots of 4 cranial nerves?

Back 30

Medulla

Front 31

Which structure is superior to the medulla and provides attachment sites of 4 cranial nerves?

Back 31

Pons

Front 32

Which structure provides sites for only 2 cranial nerves?

Back 32

Midbrain

Front 33

What is the major function of the cerebellum?

Back 33

Coordinate movement

Front 34

What is the purpose of the thalamus?

Back 34

Relay information to cortex
Process emotion and memory
Integrate different types of sensation
Regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

Front 35

What is the purpose of the hypothalamus?

Back 35

Maintains body temperature
Metabolic rate
Chemical composition of tissues and fluids
Regulates eating, growth, and function of reproductive organs
Defensive behaviors and expression of emotion

Front 36

What is the purpose of the epithalamus?

Back 36

Influences secretion of other endocrine glands

Front 37

What is part of the neural circuit controlling movement?

Back 37

Subthalamus

Front 38

What are the 6 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

Back 38

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Limbic
Insular

Front 39

What kind of matter composes the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 39

Gray Matter

Front 40

What are bundles of axons that convey info between left and right cortices?

Back 40

Commissures

Front 41

What is a huge commisure that connects most areas of the cerebral cortex?

Back 41

Corpus Callosum

Front 42

What connects the temporal lobe cortices?

Back 42

Anterior Commissure

Front 43

What contains axons from cortex to subcortical structure and vica versa?

Back 43

Internal Capsule

Front 44

The corpus callosum is anything _______.

Back 44

thalamus

Front 45

Which systems is involved with emotions and the processing of some types of memory?

Back 45

Limbic System

Front 46

What composes the limbic system?

Back 46

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Limbic cortex
Amygdala
Insula
Hippocampus

Front 47

What is a modified filtrate of plasma that is produced with the ventricles of the brain?

Back 47

CSF

Front 48

How is CSF reabsorbed?

Back 48

Into the venous blood system.

Front 49

The ______________ are part of the CSF system and include the dura, arachnoid, and pia.

Back 49

Meninges

Front 50

What is adhered to the inside of the skull and spinal cord?

Back 50

Dura Mater

Front 51

What are the two parts of the dura mater?

Back 51

Falx Cerebri
Tenroium Cerebelli

Front 52

What part of the dura mater separates the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 52

Falx Cerebri

Front 53

What part of the duram mater separates the posterior cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?

Back 53

Tentorium Cerebelli

Front 54

What is the purpose of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli?

Back 54

Help to restrict movement of the brain and serve for separation of the layers for sinus space.

Front 55

What is intimately adhered to the surface of the brain and follows the folds of the gyri.

Back 55

Pia Mater

Front 56

What covers the penetrating blood vessels into the brain and keeps blood from directly entering CSF (BBB)

Back 56

Pia Mater

Front 57

What is a spider like connective tissue between dura and pia?

Back 57

Arachnoid

Front 58

Where does the CSF fluid flow?

Back 58

In the subarachnoid space.

Front 59

What are the 3 spinal arteries that supply the spinal cord?

Back 59

Anterior Spinal Artery (2)
Posterior Spinal Artery

Front 60

What are the 2 pairs of arteries that supply the brain?

Back 60

Internal Carotid (2)
Vertebral (2)

Front 61

What supplies blood to most of the cerebrum?

Back 61

Internal Carotid

Front 62

During a stroke, which artery is usually affected?

Back 62

The middle cerebral artery

Front 63

What are the 2 fluid systems in the brain?

Back 63

Cerebrospinal Fluid System
Vascular System

Front 64

What is the purpose of the CSF system?

Back 64

Regulates the extracellular environment and protects the CNS

Front 65

Where is CSF formed?

Back 65

Ventricles

Front 66

What helps to reduce impact forces to the head?

Back 66

Fluid bouyancy and the meninges

Front 67

What forms much of the outer wall of the lateral ventricles?

Back 67

Caudate Nucleus

Front 68

What are the ways that CNS drains into the subarachnoid space?

Back 68

Central Canal
2 Lateral Foramina (Foramina of Luschka)
Midline Opening (Foramen of Madendie)

Front 69

How many layers make up the duramater?

Back 69

2

Front 70

The 2 layers of the duramater are all fused except where? What is this purpose?

Back 70

Except at the dural sinuses which are spaces for collection of venous blood and CSF

Front 71

What are projections into sinuses which allow for CSF to flow into the sinuses?

Back 71

Arachnoid Villi

Front 72

What is the function of the dural septa?

Back 72

They function to separate different intracranial compartments.

Front 73

Which structure PARTIALLY separates 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

Back 73

Falx Cerebelli

Front 74

Which structure covers pituitary fossa and admits infundibulum through a small perforation?

Back 74

Diaphragma Sellae

Front 75

Which tentorial compartment houses the cerebrum?

Back 75

Supratentorial Compartment

Front 76

Which tentorial compartment contains the brainstem and cerebullum?

Back 76

Infratentorial Compartment

Front 77

What is the space in which the brainstem passes through the tentorium?

Back 77

Tentoriual Notch

Front 78

In the spinal cord and the level of spinal nerve, meninges are replaced by what?

Back 78

Connective Tissue

Front 79

What anchors the spinal cord to the meninges?

Back 79

Spinal Ganglion

Front 80

What are bilateral thickenings of the collagen component of pia mater?

Back 80

Denticulate Ligaments

Front 81

What is CSF flow all the way through?

Back 81

Choroid plexus to
Lateral ventricles to
Interventricular forament to third ventricle
Through cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
To 1 of 4 outlets (Luschka, magendie, or central canal) and then to
Subarachnoid space (around entire brain and spinal cord) and then
Absorbed through arachnoid villi to dural venous sinuses which then
Empty into jugular vein

Front 82

What are common disorders of the CSF system?

Back 82

Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Hydrocephalus
Meningitis

Front 83

What is the real problem with hydrocephalus?

Back 83

Problem with emptying

Front 84

Hematomas are usually due to _______.

Back 84

trauma

Front 85

What occurs when the membranes of the CSF are affected by a disease process?

Back 85

Meningitis

Front 86

What are 2 potential spaces in the brain?

Back 86

Epidural Space
Subdural Space

Front 87

Which is a potential space between dura and calvaria (bone)?

Back 87

Epidural

Front 88

Which is a potential space in the innermost dural layer, near the dura-arachnoid interface?

Back 88

Subdural Space

Front 89

What results from arterial bleeding between the skull and the dura mater?

Back 89

Epidural Hematoma

Front 90

What are signs and symptoms that can develop within a few hours of an epidural hematoma?

Back 90

May include development of a worsening headache, nausea, vomiting, decreased consciousness, hemiparesis, and a Babinski sign

Front 91

What causes quicker epidural bleeding?

Back 91

High Pressure

Front 92

What happens as an epidural hematoma expands?

Back 92

It strips the dura from the inside of the skull, causing an intense headache.

Front 93

What is the lucid interval?

Back 93

The period of time where a patient may regain consciousness.

Front 94

What depends of the extent of the injury and is key to diagnosing epidural hemorrhage?

Back 94

Epidural Hematoma

Front 95

What percent of epidural hematomas occur outside the region of the temporal bone (pterion)?

Back 95

20-30%

Front 96

What does TBI stand for?

Back 96

Traumatic Brain Injury

Front 97

What radiological landmark is made up of parietal, frontal, temporal, and spheniod bones?

Back 97

Pterion

Front 98

What does GCS stand for?

Back 98

Glasgow Coma Scale

Front 99

What is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well and subsequent assessment?

Back 99

GCS

Front 100

What scale is similar to the GCS that is used to assess the recovery of traumatic brain injury patients?

Back 100

Rancho Los Amigos Scale

Front 101

Which type of hemorrhage has a slower onset than those of epidural hemorrhages because of lower pressure veins that bleed more slowly than arteries.

Back 101

Subdural

Front 102

Confusion is more prominent in which type of hematoma?

Back 102

Subdural

Front 103

What are the different classifications of subdural hematomas?

Back 103

Acute
Subacute
Chronic

Front 104

Which dural sinus runs anterior to posterior?

Back 104

Superior Sagittal Sinus

Front 105

Which dural sinus run laterally?

Back 105

Transverse Sinus

Front 106

What are the 3 primary cisterns of the brain?

Back 106

Cisterna Magna
Pontine Cistern
Interpeduncular Cistern

Front 107

What are common causes of congenital hydrocephalus?

Back 107

Failure of 4th ventricle foramina to open, blockage of cerebral aqueduct, cysts in 4th ventricle, Arnold-Chiari malformation.

Rare to have hydrocephalus result from excessive CSF production or from inadequate reabsorption.

Front 108

What are common causes of hydrocephalus?

Back 108

Failure of 4th ventricle foramina to open, blockage of cerebral aqueduct, cysts in 4th ventricle, Arnold-Chiari malformation.

Rare to have hydrocephalus result from excessive CSF production or from inadequate reabsorption.

Front 109

What are the two main signs/symptoms of hydrocephalus?

Back 109

Gait and balance impairments
Headache

Front 110

What are the 3 types of strokes?

Back 110

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Completed Stroke
Progressive Stroke

Front 111

Which type of stroke is a brief focal loss of function with full recover from neurologic deficits within 24 hours?

Back 111

TIA

Front 112

Which type of stroke has deficits which persist for more than 1 day and are stable?

Back 112

Completed Stroke

Front 113

Which type of stroke has deficits that increase intermittently over time. Thought to be due to repeated emboli or continued formation of a thrombus?

Back 113

Progressive Stroke

Front 114

What are the 3 general categories of stroke?

Back 114

Ischemic
Intracerebral Hemmorage
Subarachnoid Hemmorage

Front 115

What is the most common type of stroke?

Back 115

Ischemic

Front 116

What are two types of ischemic strokes?

Back 116

Thomobotic
Embolic

Front 117

What kind of stroke is it when Cerebral arteries become blocked by the formation of a blood clot within the brain. Signs of deficits may be abrupt or worsen over several days?

Back 117

Thrombotic

Front 118

What is another name for small vessel thrombosis?

Back 118

Lacunar Infarct

Front 119

What is caused by a clot within an artery, but in this case the clot was formed somewhere other than in the brain itself?

Back 119

Embolic Stroke

Front 120

Where do clots in an embolic stroke originate from?

Back 120

Heart

Front 121

What creates an instantaneous blockage so there is an almost immediate onset of deficits?

Back 121

Embolic Stroke

Front 122

What are the 3 stages of human development?

Back 122

Preembryonic (0-2 weeks)
Embryonic
Fetal

Front 123

When is the embryonic phase?

Back 123

2nd to end of 8th week

Front 124

When is the fetal phase?

Back 124

From end of 8th week until birth

Front 125

When does the nervous system form and from what?

Back 125

During embryonic stage
From ectoderm

Front 126

When does the neural tube form?

Back 126

Day 18-26

Front 127

What does the mesoderm divide into?

Back 127

Somites

Front 128

What are the 3 layers of the somites?

Back 128

Dermatomes
Myotomes
Scerlatome

Front 129

During embrological development, what are the 3 parts of the brain?

Back 129

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Front 130

What are the 2 main parts of the hindbrain?

Back 130

Metencephalon
Myecephalon

Front 131

What does the midbrain turn into?

Back 131

Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

Front 132

What does the forebrain turn into?

Back 132

Diencephalon
Telencephalon