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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the systematic, planned performance of bodily movements, postures, or physical activities.
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Therapeutic Exercise
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What are the purposes of therapeutic exercise?
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Remediate or prevent impairments
Improve, restore or enhance physical function Prevent or reduce health-related risk factors Optimize overall health status, fitness or sense of well being |
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What is the goal of therapeutic exercise?
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Achieve an optimal level of symptom-free movement during basic to complex physical activities
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Who is someone with impairments and functional limitations diagnosed by a physical therapist who is receiving physical therapy care to improve function and prevent disability?
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Patient
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Who is someone without diagnosed dysfunction who engages in physical therapy services to promote health and wellness and to prevent dysfunction?
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Client
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Balance is the ability to align body segments against gravity to maintain or move the body within the available base of support without ________.
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Falling
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Cardiopulmonary endurance is the ability to do what?
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Perform low intensity, repetitive, total body movements over an extended period of time.
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What is the correct timing and sequencing of muscle firing combined with the
appropriate intensity of muscular contraction leading to the effective initiation, guiding, and grading of movement (smooth, accurate, efficient movement)? |
Coordination
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What is the ability to move freely, without pain and restriction; used interchangeably with
mobility. |
Flexibility
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What is the ability of structures or segments of the body to move or be moved in order
to allow the occurrence of range of motion for functional activities. |
Mobility
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What is the capacity of muscle to produce tension and do physical activity. It includes
strength, power, and muscular endurance. |
Muscle Performance
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What is the interaction of the sensory and motor systems that enables synergists,
agonists, and antagonists, as well as stabilizers and neutralizers to anticipate or respond to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information and, to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement. |
Neuromuscular Control
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What is the ability of the neuromuscular system through synergistic muscle actions to
hold a proximal or distal body segment in a stationary position. |
Stability
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What are different types of therex interventions?
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1. aerobic conditioning
2. Streength power and endurance 3. Stretching 4. Stabalization excercises 5. Postorual control and balance training 6. Relaxation 7. Breathing and ventilatory muscle training |
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What does FITT stand for?
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Frequency
Intensity Time Type |
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What is stressing the body or parts of the body to level above that normally experienced?
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Overload Principle
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What is the principle underlying the development of a training program for a specific
activity or skill and the primary energy systems involved during performance (train what needs to be trained) |
Specificity of Training
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What are physiological effects of fitness training diminish over time, causing the body to
revert back to its pretraining condition? |
Reversibility Principle of Exercise
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What occurs within a relatively short time period after you stop exercising.
Only about 10% of strength is lost 8 weeks after training stops, but 30-40% of muscular endurance is lost during the same time period. |
Detraining
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What are coronary heart disease risk factors?
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Family history
Cigarette smoking Hypertension, Hypercholesrolemia Impaired fasting glucose level Obesity Sedentary lifestyle |
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What are risk factors for osteoporosis?
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Bone mineral density score of -2.5 or less
Postmenopausal Caucasian or asian descent Family history Low body weight Little if no physical activity Smoking Prolonged bed rest Prolonged use of corticosteroids |
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What is the basic technique used for the examination of movement and for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention?
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ROM
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What is the distance a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its maximum?
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Physical Excursion
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What is the movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force; there is little or no voluntary muscle contraction; external force may be from gravity, a machine, another individual, or another part of the individual’s own body?
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PROM
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What is the movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced by active
contraction of the muscles crossing that joint? |
AROM
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What is a type of AROM in which assistance is provided manually or mechanically by
an outside force because the prime mover muscles need assistance to complete the motion? |
AAROM
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When do you do PROM?
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1. Acute inflamed tissue
2. When AROM is contraindicated |
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What are goals of PROM?
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1. Maintain joint and connective tissue mobility
2. Minimize the effects of the formation of contractures 3. Maintain mechanical elasticity of muscle 4. Assist circulation and vascular dynamics 5. Enhance synovial movement for cartilage nutrition and diffusion of materials in the joint. 6. Decrease or inhibit pain 7. Assist with the healing process after injury or surgery. 8. Help maintain the patient’s awareness of movement. |
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When do you do AROM?
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1. When voluntary muscle contraction is needed and attainable
2. A-AROM is used when muscle weakness prevents full ROM; can progressively strengthen weakened muscles. 3. AROM used in aerobic conditioning programs. 4. AROM used is regions near an immobilized body segment to maintain as normal a condition as possible. |
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What are goals of AROM?
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1. Maintain physiological elasticity and contractility of the participating
muscles. 2. Provide sensory feedback from contracting muscles 3. Provide a stimulus for bone and joint tissue integrity 4. Increase circulation and prevent thrombus formation 5. Develop coordination and motor skills for functional activities. |
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What are limitation of passive motion?
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1. Does not prevent muscle atrophy
2. Does not increase strength or endurance 3. does not assist in circulation to the same extent as a voluntary muscle contraction |
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What are limitations of AROM?
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Does not maintain increase strength skill or coordination
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What are precautions to ROM exercises?
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1. ROM should not be done when motion is disruptive to the Healing process.
2. ROM should not be done when patient response or the condition is life threatening. |
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What are principles and procedures for applying ROM techniques?
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1. Examine/evaluate patient’s impairments and level of function.
2. Determine ability of patient to participate in the ROM activity and whether ROM exercises can help meet goals. 3. Determine the amount of motion that can be safely applied for the patient’s condition. 4. Decide what patterns can best meet the goals. (cardinal planes; diagonal patterns, etc.) 5. Monitor patient’s responses to ROM exercises (vital signs, change in color or warmth, change in motion, pain). 6. Document findings. 7. Re-evaluate and modify the interventon as necessary. |
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How do you prepare a patients for ROM exercises?
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1. Communicate with patient
2. Free region from restrictions (clothing, bandages, splints). 3. Position patient – Comfort, safe, body mechanics |
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What are key techniques for ROM application?
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1. Control movement by grasping extremity around Joints; watch for pain and modify appropriately.
2. Support weakened structures (hypermobile joints; recently healed fractures). 3. Move through complete painfree ROM to point of resistance. (Beyond this is stretching). 4. Perform motion smoothly and rhythmically (5 to 10 repetitions – depending on objectives and response to movement). |
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What are key techniques for PROM application?
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1. The force of movement is provided by therapist or external device.
2. No active resistance or assistance is given by the patient’s muscles that cross the joint involved. 3. Motion performed within unrestricted Painfree range. |
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What are key techniques for AROM application?
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1. Demonstrate motion desired using PROM; then ask patient to perform same motion.
2. Provide assistance only as needed for smooth motion. 3. The motion is performed within the available ROM. |
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What are different wand exercises?
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1. Shoulder flexion
2. Shoulder horizontal abduction & adduction 3. Shoulder internal & external rotation 4. Elbow flexion & extension 5. Shoulder hyperextension 6. Combined motions. |
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What is the purpose of wall climbing?
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Provides objective measurement and reinforcement to patient
- Shoulder flexion or abduction |
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What are the uses of overhead pulley?
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Used for PROM, AAROM, AROM
- Don’t allow overstretching |
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What is the purpose of skate board/powder board?
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Provides decreased friction surface
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What are examples of a reciprocal exercise unit?
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Bicycle, UE ergometer can be used to provide PROM, AAROM, or AROM to upper or lower extremities
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What are the uses of continuous passive motion (CPM)?
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1. Prevents development of adhesion and contractures resulting in joint stiffness.
2. Provides a stimulating effect on the healing of tendons and ligaments 3. Enhances healing of incisions over the moving joint 4. Increases synovial fluid lubrication of the joint and increases rate of intraarticular cartilage healing and regeneration. 5. Prevents the degrading effects of immobilization 6. Provides a quicker return of ROM 7. Decreases postoperative pain. |
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What is the ability of structures or segments of the body to move or be moved to allow ROM for functional activities.
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Functional ROM
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What is the ability of an individual to initiate, control, or sustain active movements of the body to perform simple to complex motor skills
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Functional Mobility
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What is the degree to which an active muscle contraction moves a body segment through the available ROM of a joint
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Dynamic Flexibility
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What is the degree to which a joint can be passively moved through the available ROM and is dependent on the extensibility of muscles and connective tissues that cross and surround a joint.
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Passive Flexibility
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What is the loss ob mobility?
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Hypomobility
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What is the adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon unit and other soft tissues that cross or surround a joint that results in significant resistance to passive or active stretch and limitation of ROM; may compromise functional abilities
-described by action of shortened muscle |
Contracture
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What are types of contractures?
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Myostatic
Pseudomyostatic Arthrogenic Periarticular Fibrotic Irreversible |
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What is the shortening of the musculotendinous unit with loss of ROM without muscle pathology?
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Myostatic contracture
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What is limited ROM due to hypertonicity (spasticity or rigidity) associated with a central nervous system lesion (CVA, spinal cord injury); may also be caused by muscle spasm/guarding associated with pain?
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Pseudomyostatic Contracture
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What results from an intra-articular pathology (adhesions, synovial proliferation, joint
effusion, articular cartilage irregularities, osteophyte formation)? |
Arthrogenic Contracture
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What develops when connective tissue that cross or attach to a joint or joint capsule
lose mobility, thus restricting normal arthrokinematic motion? |
Perioarticular Contracture
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What are fibrous changes in the connective tissue of muscle and periarticularstructures can result in adherence and shortening of these tissues?
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Fibrotic Contracture
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What is permanent loss of ROM due to formation of large amounts of scar tissue or heterotopic bone?
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Irreversible Contracture
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What are indications for stretching?
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1. ROM is limited because soft tissues have lost their extensibility as the result of adhesions, contractures, and scar tissue formation, causing functional limitation or disabilities.
2. Restricted motion may lead to structural deformities that are otherwise preventable. 3. There is muscle weakness and shortening of opposing tissue. 4. May be used as part of a total fitness program designed to prevent musculoskeletal injuries. 5. May be used prior to and after vigorous exercise potentially to minimize post-exercise muscle soreness. |
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What are contraindications for stretching?
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1. A bony block limiting joint motion.
2. A recent fracture; bony union is incomplete. 3. Evidence of an acute inflammatory or infectious process (heat & swelling) or soft tissue healing could be disrupted in the tight tissues and surrounding region. 4. A sharp, acute pain with joint movement or muscle elongation. 5. A hematoma or other indication of tissue trauma is observed. 6. Hypermobility already exists 7. Shortened soft tissues provide necessary joint stability in lieu of normal structural stability or neuromuscular control. 8. Shortened soft tissues enable a patient with paralysis or severe muscle weakness to perform specific functional skills otherwise not possible. |
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What are key techniques to stretching?
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Alignment – proper alignment and positioning of patients necessary for patient comfort and efficiency
Stabilization – provide fixation to the proximal or distal attachment site of the muscle tendon unit being elongated |
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What is the proper stretch intensity?
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Evidence suggests that a low intensity (low load) stretch is preferable for soft
tissue elongation |
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What is the period of time a stretch force is applied and shortened tissues are held in a lengthened position.?
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Stretch Duration
Evidence = a low load longer duration stretch is the safest form and yields the most significant changes |
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What is it when soft tissues are elongated past the point of tissue resistance and held for 5 seconds to 5 minutes per repetition? (Mechanical devices can hold for hours to days)
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Static Stretch
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What is it called when you have shortened soft tissues held in a comfortable lengthened position until relaxation is felt; the shortened muscles are then lengthened and held in the new position until relaxation is felt.
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Static Progressive Stretching
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What is a relatively short-duration stretch force that is repeatedly but gradually applied, released, and then reapplied.
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Cyclic Stretching
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What is a stretch that is high speed & high intensity = bouncing movements.
-Not recommended for elderly, sedentary individuals or those musculoskeletal pathology. |
Ballistic
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What is the number of bouts of stretching carried out per day or per week.
-Based on the needs of the therapist and patient – typically 2 to 5 times per week. |
Frequency
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What refers to the manner in which stretching exercises are carried out?
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Mode of Stretch
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What is it when a therapist or practitioner applies an external force to move the involved body segment slightly beyond the point of tissue resistance and available ROM?
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Manual Stretching
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What is a type of stretching procedure a patient carries out independently after careful instruction and supervised practice?
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Self Stretching
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What is the use of equipment to stretch shortened tissue?
Duration of Mechanical Stretch: 15 to 30 minutes up to 8 to 10 hours per day. Serial casting – worn for days or weeks at a time. |
Mechanical stretching
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What is it when tight a muscle is lengthened to the comfort end point for the patient. Patient performs an isometric contraction for 5 to 10 seconds. Followed by voluntary relaxation of tight muscle with limb being passively moved into new range?
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Hold relax (HR) or contract relax (CR)
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What is it when a patient concentrically contracts (shortens) the muscle opposite the range limiting muscle and holds the end range for several seconds.
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Agonist Contraction (AC)
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What is it when you move the limb to the point that tissue resistance is felt in the tight muscle; Patient performs an isometric contraction of the tight muscle; Followed by relaxation of the tight muscle isometric contraction and a concentric contraction of the agonist muscle.
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Hold Relax with Agonist Contraction (HR-AC)
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What is the procedure post-stretching?
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1. Apply cold to the stretched soft tissues and allow it cool in lengthened position
2. Perform AROM and strengthening through the gained range immediately 3. develop a balance in the strength of the antagonistic muscles in the new range |
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What refers to manual therapy techniques that are used to modulate pain and treat joint dysfunction that limit ROM?
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Joint Mobilization
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What is passive, skilled manual therapy techniques applied to joints and related soft tissues at varying speeds and amplitudes using physiological or accessory motions for therapeutic purposes?
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Mobilization/Manipulation
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What are self-stretching techniques that specifically use joint traction or glides that direct the stretch force to the joint capsule?
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Self mobilization
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What is a passive end-of-range overpressure delivered by the therapist at the end of active range of motion; pain should not influence the end range?
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Mobilization with Movement
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What are movements the patient can do voluntarily (flexion, abduction, rotation)
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Physiological Movements
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What is a high velocity, short amplitude motion performed at the end of the pathological limits of the joint and is intended to alter positional relationships, snap adhesions, or stimulate joint receptors
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Thrust
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What is a medical procedure used to restore full ROM by breaking adhesions around a joint while the patient is anesthetized?
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Manipulation Under Anesthesia
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What is using the bony lever to stretch a tight joint capsule; may result in increased joint pain and trauma?
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Passive Angular stretching
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What is translation or sliding of the joint bony components to stretch a tight joint capsule; safer and more effective?
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Joint Glide stretching
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What is the longitudinal pull; distraction is separation(joint opens up more)?
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Traction/Distraction
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What are indication for joint mobilization?
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1. Pain/muscle guarding/spasm - gentle joint play technique without stretching of tissues
2. Joint hypomobility 3. Subluxation/dislocations 4. Functional immobility (casting of fracture) |
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What are contra-indications for joint mobilization?
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1. Hypermobility
2. Joint effusion (gentle oscillations sometimes acceptable) 3. Inflammation - (gentle occilations sometimes acceptable) |
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What is a small amplitude rhythmic oscillations are performed at the beginning of the range (treat pain)?
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Graded Oscillation Technique: Grade 1
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What is large amplitude rhythmic oscillations are performed within the range, not reaching the limit.(treat pain)?
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Graded Oscillation Technique: Grade 2
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What is a large amplitude rhythmic oscillations are performed up to the limit of the available motion and are stressed into the tissue resistance.(treat tightness)?
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Graded Oscillation Technique: Grade 3
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What are small amplitude rhythmic oscillations are performed at the limit of the available motion and stressed into the tissue resistance.(treat tightness)?
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Graded Oscillation Technique: Grade 4
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What are small amplitude high velocity thrust technique is performed to snap adhesions at the limit of the available motion?
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Graded Oscillation Technique: Grade 5
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What is a small amplitude distraction is applied where no stress is applied on the joint capsule. (for pain)?
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Sustained Translatory Joint Play Techniques: Grade 1
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What is a distraction or glide is applied to tighten the tissues around the joint; “taking up the slack”. (for initial stretching)?
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Sustained Translatory Joint Play Techniques: Grade 2
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What is a distraction or glide is applied with an amplitude large enough to place stretch on the joint capsule and surrounding periarticular structures.(for significant stretching)?
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Sustained Translatory Joint Play Techniques: Grade 3
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What is the overall technique of joint manipulation?
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1. Patient extremely relaxed
2. Firmly stabilize proximal bone 3. Apply treatment force as close to the joint surfaces as possible 4. Oscillations - 2 to 3 per second for 1 to 2 minutes (pain = high speed low amplitude; muscle guarding = slow speed) |
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What are potential benefits of resistance exercise?
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Enhanced muscle performance, increased strength, greater bone mineral
density, decreased stress on joints, reduced risk of soft tissue injury, possible improvement in capacity to heal and repair, improvement in balance, enhanced physical performance, less body fat, more lean muscle, enhanced feeling of well being, possible improvement in perception of disability and quality of life |
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What is the ability of contractile tissue to produce tension and a resultant force based
on the demands placed on the muscle? |
Strength
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What is a systematic procedure of a muscle or muscle group lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy loads (resistance) for a relatively low number of repetitions or over a short period of time?
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Strength Training
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What is:
Work (force x distance) prodiced by a muscle per unit of time = force x distance/time |
Muscle Power
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What is the ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive, or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time.
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Endurance
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What is cardiopulmonary endurance vs muscle endurance?
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Cardio - repetitive, dynamic motor activities (walking, cycling, swimming, jogging).
Muscle - ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load over an extended period of time. |
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What is it if muscle performance is to improve, a load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle must be applied?
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Overload Principle
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What is the SAID principle?
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Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands
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What is: Adaptive changes will be lost unless training continues?
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Reversibility Principle
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What are signs and symptoms of muscle fatigue?
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An uncomfortable sensation in the muscle, even pain and cramping, tremulousness in contracting muscle, active movements jerky, use of substitute motions, inability to complete full ROM, inability to continue low intensity physical activity, decline in peak torque
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What are determinants of a resistance exercise program: alignment?
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Proper alignment avoids muscle substitutions
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