Psycology Mid Term Review

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ABC’s of Psychology

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Affect- feeling; Behavior- doing; Cognitions- thinking. We must understand these to say that we understand a person at any given time

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Hypothesis

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tentative explanation of some phenomenon that can be tested and then either accepted or rejected. May be rejected or accepted but does not prove anything.

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Reliability

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A reliable test is determined by consistency, dependability, or repeatability.

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Validity

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the validity of a test determines if it is going to test what it says it is going to test.

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Correlation Research

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This is when you would look for lawful relationships between variables that are observed and measured.

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Independent and Dependent Variable

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In an experiment, an individual would manipulate the independent variable and then record the change in the dependent variable. Make sure you know the definition for each term.

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School(thoughts) of psychology

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is a field that a applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescent’s behavioral and learning problems to teachers, politicians and other responsible persons in the institutionalized educated systems.
Cognitive Psychology, Behavioral Psychology, Psychoanlytic Psychology, Humanistic Psychology

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Field/Profession of psychology

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Psychology is a remarkably diverse subject, which is why a number of different branches have emerged to explore different topics and perspectives. Explore some of the many branches of psychology and learn more about what each one has to offer, including forensic psychology, cognitive psychology, human factors and many more. Know the example on page 16—17 in textbook

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Neurons

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is microscopically small cell that transmits information in the form of neutral impulses from one part of the body to another. Neurons part is cell body, the axon and the dendrites. Know each part and what it’s role is.

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Neurotransmitters

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A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

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Somatic Nervous System

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The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles

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Sympathetic Division

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Is activated when we are emotionally aroused or excited, and part of the ANS that provides feedback to the CNS.

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Parasympathetic Division

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is activated when we are relaxed and quiet, and part of the ANS that provides feed back to the CNS.

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Endocrine System

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is a network of glands that affect behaviors by secreting chemicals called hormones.

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Adrenal Glands

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is located on the kidneys, and secrete a variety of hormones in the bloodstream.

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Parts Of The Brain

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Medulla- Contains neurons that control breathing reflexes, mediate blood pressure levels, and regulate the muscles of the heart to keep it beating
Pons- Serve as a relay station or bridge, sorting out and relaying sensory messages from the spinal cord, and sits under the medulla.
Cerebellum- is the second largest part of the brain that sits behind your pons, and is to smooth and coordinate raped body movements.
Basal Ganglia- are involved in the planning, initiation, and coordination of large, slow movements.

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Limbic System

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is more a collection of small structures than a single unit, it controls many of the complex behavioral patterns that are often considered to be instinctive.

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Cerebral cortex

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The outer covering of the brain that makes use of the brain that makes us uniquely human by giving us our ability to think, reason, and use language
Left and Right Hemispheres
Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal Lobes

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Sensory Adaptation

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A process that occurs when our sensory experience decreases with continued exposure to a stimulus.
Example of sensory adaption: going out in the cold without a jacket on after a few minutes getting use to the temperature.

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Wavelength

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Is the distance between any point in a wave and the corresponding point on the next wave or cycle.

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Parts of the Eye and their functions

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Cornea- the tough, round, virtually transparent outer shell of the eye
Pupil- an opening through which light enters the eye.
Iris- the colored part of your eye.
Lens- a flexible structure whose shape is controlled by ciliary muscles.
Ciliary muscles- expand or contract to reflexively change the shape of the lens.

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Blind spot

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The place at which the nerve impulses from the rods and cones having passed through many layers of cells, exit the eye.

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Closure

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The process by which perceiver fills in gaps in the perceptual world.

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BINOCULAR CUES

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as humans we are able to see things far and near, and we can identify where these objects are in space (meaning we can determine if those objects that we see are close or far away.) This sort of depth perception requires both of our eyes, which is referred to as Binocular cues

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Theories of Learning

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• Learning-demonstrated by a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of practice or experience.
• Demonstrated by- means that learning can't be observed directly(can't be directly observed or measured).
• Relatively Permanent-learned changes on behavior are not fleeting, short-lived, or cyclical changes such as those due to fatigue or brief shifts in motivation.
• Practice or Experience- the changes in behavior that do not result from learning, some behaviors change may be due to maturation.
• Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Cognitive Learning

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING...NS..UCS..UCR..CS..CR..

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:a learning process in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) after conditioning the neutral stimulus alone elicits a new conditioned response. The typical procedure for inducing classical conditioning involves presentations of a (NS) along with a stimulus of some significance. The (NS) could be any event that does not result in an overt behavioral response from the organism under investigation (CS) conditioned stimulus evokes and innate, often reflexive response often called (UCS) unconditioned sitmulus and (UCR) unconditioned response.

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Little Albert: case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also a example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B, Watson. Know the details of this study.

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Little Albert wasn't scared of a mouse but then as he started reach for a mouse they made a loud noise he became scare the mouse the rat is the CS and the sudden loud noises the UCS that a leak the UCR of an emotional fear response space CS is a conditioned stimulus UCS is unconditional stimulus and UCR's unconditional response

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PUNISHMENT BY SPANKING THAT IS NOT ABUSIVE

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A punishment that is a) physically nondangerous B) intended to modify behavior and C) administered with an open hand to the extremities or buttocks

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Latent learning

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is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response. It occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the, behavior or associations that are learned.

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Sensory Memory

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the aspect of memory that stores large amounts of information for very short periods (only a few seconds or less).

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Short-Term Memory (STM)

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a level, or store, in human memory with a limited capacity, and without the benefit of rehearsal, a brief duration. -STM is referred to as a working memory, when you rehearse information stored you can increase the duration, also known as maintenance rehearsal.

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Long-Term Memory (LTM)

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memory for large amounts of information that is held for a long period of time.

3Types of LTM:
o Semantic Memory: subset of LTM in which one stores vocabulary, simple concepts, and rules (including languages).
o Episodic Memory: subset of LTM, which stores the memories of life events and experiences.
o Procedural (Non-declarative) Memory: subset of LTM, which stores responses and chains of responses that have been well learned; procedural memory stores basic procedures of our lives.
-Encoding information can go into LTM, by using Elaborative Rehearsal; meaning to think about information, organize it, form images, make it meaningful, or release it to something already in LTM.

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Average Age of Earliest Memories

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The earliest childhood memories that can be recalled by adults is when they were 2yrs of age, and this is scientifically documented.

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Repression

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a Psychological attempt by people to repel ones feels in there conscious minds by subduing it to their subconscious minds. Repression is a mental status in average peoples "Psyche" repression is a defense against unwanted memory's but it preexists in the ego. "Primal Repression' keeps out unwanted memory's from the conscious mind and if recalled brings on 'Anxiety.' that keeps it from entering the conscious mind and is widely accepted by psychologists.

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Methods for Learning New Information

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• Cognitive Learning: involves acquiring knowledge or understanding that may or not be reflected in actual behavior.
• Cognitive Map-the maze; formed a mental picture, or representation, of their physical environment, noting significant landmarks when possible.
• Latent Learning: a case in which learning is, in a sense, hidden and not shown in behavior until it be reinforced.
• Social Learning Theory: learning that takes place through the observation and irritation of models.

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INDUCTIVE REASONING

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is the process by which a general conclusion is drawn from examples in this case the conclusion is likely, but not guaranteed to be true.

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DEDUCTIVE REASONING

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is the process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises or statements. The conclusion has to be true if the premises is true.

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Pragmatics

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it’s the study of how language is related to the social content in winch it occurs. An example would be a situation solved entirely by logic and reason.

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David Wechsler

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was a leading American psychologist. He developed well-known intelligence scales, such as Wechsler adult intelligence scales (WAIS). Also the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC)

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Emotional Intelligence

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-is the ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of one’s self of others, and of a group. It can be divided into ability EI and trait EI.

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Psychological tests

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An objective, standardized measure of a sample of behavior. It is used as an aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior.

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IQ-

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Intelligence is measures by IQ (intelligence quotient). IQ is determined by dividing the person’s mental age (MA) by his or her actual, chronological age (CA). This quotient was then multiplied by 100.

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Effects of Fragile X Syndrome

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Fragile X Syndrome is a variety of mental retardation with a genetic basis that was discovered in the late 1960s.It can occur in females but primarily found in males. Effects are long faces, big ears, and as adults, large testes. Difficulty with sequence of events and may have problems with language.

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Motivation

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The process that arouses, directs and maintains behavior. Which basically means the force that gets us involved in doing something and keeps up going

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Abraham Maslow believed in that motivation is based on hierarchal needs. Starting with
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Love and belongingness needs
4. Esteem needs
5. Self-actualization needs Make sure you understand each of these stages.
He believed that we would not even try to fulfill the next level until the current need was met

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Cognitive Dissonance

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a state of tension or discomfort that exists when we hold and are aware of inconsistent cognitions a good example of this would be. You think you’re a good ballplayer. You practice hard. But you do really poorly in the game, that’s really hard for you to accept because you were good at practice. Here the cognitions do not fit together you work really hard and thought you are a good player but you did poorly so you think you may not be a good player.

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Psychologically based motives

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are motives that affect our behavior like
1. The need to achieve-is the acquired need to meet or exceed a standard of excellence in one’s behaviors.
2. The need for power-the need to be in control, to be in charge of the situation and other people.
3. The need for affiliation-the need to be with others, to work with others towards some end, and to form friendships and associations.
4. The need for intimacy-the need to form and maintain close affectionate relationships.
5. Loneliness-a subjective, psychological state that arises when there is a discrepancy between the relationship we would like to have and those we actually have.

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Gender differences in need for intimacy

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women need more intimacy than men.