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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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memory
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: the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. (p. 312)
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recognition
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: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. (p. 312)
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recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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relearning
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a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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sensory memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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short-term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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long-term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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working memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory.)
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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testing effect:
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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
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shallow processing
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encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words.
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deep processing
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ncoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
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