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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What features do psychostimulants have in common?
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Increase motor activity, elevate mood, reduce fatigue, increase vigilance and alertness, increase sympathetic nervous system activity
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What are the psychological effects of caffeine?
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Mood elevation, insomnia, tenseness
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What are the physiological effects of caffeine?
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Increases heartrate, bronchial relaxation
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what are some therapeutic uses of caffeine?
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Asthma, narcolepsy, diuretic, analgesic for migraine
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What is the pharmacodynamic effect of caffeine on the nervous system?
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It is an antagonist of the adenosine receptors
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What are caffeine's effects at the receptor?
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Enhances activity of dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine neruons
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How does blocking caffeine's receptors affect other neurotransmitter systems?
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Increases firing
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How does tolerance to caffeine occur in the nervous system?
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Tolerance develops due to the up-regulation of adenosine receptors.
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What are the pharmacokinetic characteristics of caffeine?
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They are metabolized via liver via the active metabolites of theophylline and paraxanthine who have a half life of 3-5 hours.
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What are the signs of caffeine withdrawal?
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Headache, drowsiness, negative mood
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What are the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of caffeine tolerance?
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Quitting smoking increases levels of caffenine in the blood.
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What is the relationship between caffeine and nicotine?
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Smokers metabolize caffeine quicker.
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What are the behavioral effects of nicotine?
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Enhance vigilance and arousal and reduce muscle tension and hunger
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What are the pharmacokinetic characteristics of nicotine?
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Can be absorbed from virtually every body site and distributes rapidly
It is metabolized via liver with CYPZA6 enzymes |
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What are the pharmacodynamic properties of nicotine?
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It is an agonist for Acetylcholine nicotinic receptors
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What are the consequences of nicotine binding to its receptors?
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Enhances release of glutamate, nonepinephrine, gaba, and dopamine
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Does nicotine produce tolerance or dependence?
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Tolerance to some effects
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What symptoms are produced by nicotine withdrawal?
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Craving, irritability, anxiety, and increased appetite
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What are the four major classes of opioids?
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Endogenous and opoid peptides, opium alkaloids, semi-synthetic, synthetic
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What’s the difference between an opiate and an opioid?
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Opiates are restricted to natural opium alkaloids and are semi-synthetic
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What are narcotics?
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Sleep-inducing analgesics
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What are the different ways that Narcotics are defined?
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Sedative-hypnotic
opiate antagonist |
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What are the two major effects of opioids?
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Potent pain relief and Euphoria/drowsiness
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Which opoids are found in nature?
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Morphine, codeine, and endorphins
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Which opoid found in nature has psychotropic effects?
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Endorphins
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How do semi-synthetic opioids differ http://www.flashcardexchange.com/mycards/add/595022
Add Flashcardsfrom natural ones? |
They modify codeine to produce a synthetic drug.
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What are the psychotropic effects of heroin?
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It crosses the blood brain barrier
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What is oxycodone derived from
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Codeine
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What is oxycodone taken for?
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Strong opiate analgesic
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How is oxycodone used illegally?
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When it is taken in the IV form
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How are synthetic opioids similar to/different from natural ones?
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Have similar properties, but have different structures
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What are four routes of administration for opioids.
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Oral, IV, Pulmonary, Topical
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How would you expect the different routes of administration for opiods to impact the onset and duration of opioid effects?
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IV - highest impact of onset an duration,
Pulmonary Topical Oral |
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Do opioids typically have long half-lives?
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No, they are typically 2 hours or 3-5 hours.
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What are the half-lives of morphine, codeine, and methadone?
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Morphine has a half life of 3.5 hours.
Codeine has a half life of 2 hours. Methadone has a half life of 24 hours. |
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What are the implications of the half-life for opioid effects?
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They are biotransformed.
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How are opioids excreted?
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Mostly excreted by the kidneys. A small percent are in the feces. Some metabolites in the urine.
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What are the effects of opioids at low doses?
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At low doses, behavioral effects include decreased sensitivity to stimuli, impaired concentration, drowsiness, decreased anxiety, warm body sensation, euphoria, and decreased sex drive.
At low doses, physiology effects include: analgesia, decreased respiration, pupil constriction, constipation, cough suppression, nausea and vomitting, drying of secretions. |
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What are some signs of acute opoid toxicity?
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Poor nutrition status, adultered drugs, non-sterile needles, poly-drug-use, lifestyle, and lack of pain sensitivity.
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What are the likely causes of death following an opoid "overdose?"
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Lack of high levels at autopsy or in syringe, same drug shared (but only one death), mixing with other psychotropic drugs, anaphylatic shock: rapid allergic reaction
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What are effects of high doses of opoids?
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Stupor or coma, pinpoint pupils, profoundly depressed respiration, drop in blood pressure, drop in body temperature, flaccid skeletal muscles, depressed urine formation
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What are the consequences of activating each opoid receptor type?
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Mu, Delta, Kappaa
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Is heroine lipid-soluble?
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Highly. (Drug Rush)
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Is morphine lipid-soluble?
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No, it has trouble getting to the brain.
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What are the consequences and effects of activating the Mu opoid receptor?
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Euphoric and sedation effects, cardiovascular, respiratory, and gut effects.
Morphine and naxolene sensitive Ligand: beta-endorphin |
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What are the consequences and effects of activating the Kappa opoid receptor?
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Peripheral analgesia,
Ligand: dynorphins |
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What are the consequences and effects of activating the Delta opoid receptor?
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Analgesic
Ligand: enkephalins |
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How do opoids inhibit neurons?
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Presynaptically, reducing Ca++ ions,
Postsynaptically, increase K+ out of the cell (hyperpolarization) Decrease neurotransmitter release, hyperpolarized membrane |
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What are the brain regions effected by opoids?
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Hypothalamus, pain areas, emotional and reward areas, and the medulla
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What are the consequence of opoid activity in each brain region?
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Spinal Cord, Midbrain, Thalamus - relieves pain
amygdala, nucleus accumbens -makes you happy :) Medulla -Decreases vegetative functions such as pupil size, respiration, nausea and emesis, and coughing |
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What are some of pharmacodynamic mechanisms involved in opioid tolerance?
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Decrease in receptor number and desensitization of receptor and up-regulation of other neurotransmitter receptors
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What are some of pharmacokinetic mechanisms involved in opioid tolerance?
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Slight increase in liver enzymes, desensitization of receptor and up-regulation of other neurotransmitter receptors
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Describe tolerance and dependence of opoids.
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Cross tolerance develops to endorphins. Tolerant to euphoria, but not constipation.
Psychological - primary cause of opoid craving, very reinforcing. Abstinence syndrome is horrible. |
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What does psychological dependence mean?
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very reinforcing, context previously paired with drug
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What does physiological dependence mean?
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Abstinence syndrome is emphasized, withdrawal from opiates is unpleasant.
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Which drugs can be used to treat opioid dependence?
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opoid antagonists
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How do opioid antagonists work to treat opioid dependence?
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It substitutes a more socially acceptable opoid.
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What characteristics of naloxone and naltrexone determine their different uses?
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Naloxone is a good antidote with a short half-life, but poorly absorbed.
Naltrexone has a long half life and it is more potent and effective orally. |
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How is methadone used to treat opioid withdrawal and dependence?
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The aversive withdrawal symptoms develop less slowly and less intense.
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How does methadone differ from heroin?
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Easily absorbed orally
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What is ultrarapid opioid detoxification?
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It is aided by with anesthesia.
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What are psychedelics?
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Alter consciousness (sensory and perceptual processing)
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What are the major classes of psychedelics?
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Marijuana, anticholinergics, catecholamine-like, sertonin-like, glutamate NMDA antagonists, and opioid Kappa receptor agonists
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What do psychedelics have in common?
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Limited research, self-reports highly variable, negative experiences in human subjects, Schedule I drugs
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What are psychedelics' psychological effects?
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Enhanced emotional responses, sensory-perceptual distortions, altered perceptions of colors, sounds, and shapes, complex hallucinations, dreamlike feelings, somatic effects (tingling skin + weakness tremor)
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What plant is marijuana derived from?
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Cannabis Sativa
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What is a cannabinoid?
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Receptor that activates psychedelics
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What are the two cannabinoids produced by cannabis.
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THC + CBD
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Which is responsible for the psychoactive effects of marijuana?
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CBD (Cannabidol)
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What are the psychological effects of marijuana
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Impairments in motor skills, and alterations in mood (variations in pleasure, variable effects on food intake, decreased reactions to stimuli)
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Which variables influence the psychological effects of marijuana?
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Dependent upon environment, personality, previous experience, and expectations
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What is schizophrenia?
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It is a disorder of thought and emotion (not 'split personality')
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What are the positive symptoms and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Positive symptoms - Beliefs that are contrary to reality (grandeur)
Hallucinations Thought disorder Bizarre Behaviors Negative disorders - loss of normal behaviors such as poverty of speech, social withdrawal, apathy, blunted effect |
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What is the evidence suggesting that schizophrenia is heritable?
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Twin studies -
monozygote - 50% dizygote - 17% |
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What is the relationship between seasonality and schizophrenia?
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Children born the late winter and early spring.
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What neural mechanisms/problems are associated with the positive and negative symptoms?
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Viral infection during the second trimester of fetal development
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What is the “dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia”?
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Positive symptoms involve over-activity of brain dopimainergic synapses
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What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis?
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Chlorpromazine was identified as an effective antipsychotic.
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What are the different ways that dopamine neurotransmission could be increased in the schizophrenic brain?
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Stimulants and cocaine release dopamine or promote its action can produce schizophrenic symptoms
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How might serotonin contribute to schizophrenia?
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Atypical anti-psychotics have serotonin receptor antagonist actions
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What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and what is the evidence supporting it?
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Antagonist of NMDA receptor; Clozapine affects NMDA receptor function
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What is the primary and most obvious structural (neural) difference in schizophrenics that show negative symptoms?
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They have decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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What could cause the brain damage that leads to negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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They have enlarged brain ventricles (suggests loss of brain cells)
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How do typical antipsychotics work to reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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They block D2 Receptors and produce a neuroleptic state
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What specific dopamine receptor do these drugs target?
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D2
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What distinguishes third generation anti-psychotics?
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Dopamine-Serotonin stablizer
Minimal side effects |
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What are some of the symptoms that people have labeled “pseudo-Parkinson’s”?
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Tremor, muscle rigidity, slowness of movement, immobility, reduced facial expressions and language disorders
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What are some symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome?
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Excessive blockade of dopamine receptors that occur at the initiation of treatment or with dose increase
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What is tardive dyskinesia and when is it most often observed?
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Long term blockade of dopamine results in compensatory response. Brain becomes over sensitive.
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Are there any other side effects to taking antipsychotic medication?
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Weight gain in atypicals, diabete
Anticholinergic - dry eyes, mouth, constipation, urinary retention Anti-andrenergic - hypotension, Anti-histaminergic - sedation CNS - lower seizure threshold Endocrine effects - breast development Sexual dysfunction |
