Psychopharmacology

Front 1

What are the percentage breakdowns of targets of psychotropic meds?

Back 1

30% Transporters
30% G-Protein-Linked receptors
20% Ligand-gated Ion channels
20% Voltage-sensitive Ion channels
10% Enzymes

Front 2

Transporters are the _______. They are _______that binds to a NT and transport them across the membrane.

Back 2

Wheels
Receptors

Front 3

There is a superfamily of ___transmembrane region proteins. Name 5 of the transporters.

Back 3

12

DAT
NET
SERT
VMAT
VAChT

Front 4

List 3 types of transporters. (PIN)

Back 4

Plasma Membrane Transporters
Intracellular synaptic ves Tranporters
NT transporters

Front 5

What do Plasma membrane transporters do?

Back 5

brings things in from "outside" the presyn neuron.
There are 2 kinds based on gene families: SLC6 (5HT, NE, DA, GABA, Glycine) and SLC1 (Glu)

Front 6

In SLC6 energy for transport is provided by_____pumps.
___is constantly pumped out. ___ and ___ are also involved.

Back 6

Na+
Na+
K+ and Cl-

Front 7

_____are MA transporters.
____ binding is needed for MA binding to occur.

Back 7

VMAT
Na+

Front 8

What is allosteric binding?

Back 8

it means "other space" or sites and the binding that occurs in MA binding. IE SSRIs bind allosterically because once used by neuron it has a free ride into the cell.

Front 9

The more ___at binding, the ____ the side effects, typically.

Back 9

Selective
Fewer

Front 10

GABA is an ____NT and its reuptake is inhibited GAT1.

Back 10

inhibitory

Front 11

What happens when you inhibit the reuptake of an inhibitory NT?

Back 11

You inhibit the reuptake of the GABA and it is kept in the synaptic cleft longer and build up leading to greater inhibitory effects. This is true in anti psychotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, etc.,

Front 12

Glu is an _____NT

Back 12

excitatory

Front 13

What would happen is you inhibited transport of Glu?

Back 13

There would be more glumamate for excitation which would cause increased excitation.

Front 14

In ______transport, VMATS are provided energy by ______ and the VMATS ____ the material via ______transport, not allosteric.

Back 14

Vesicular Transport
Proton Pumps
repackage
Direct

Front 15

______target DATs and NETs (presyn) as well as VMATs. They compete at binding sites and ____vesicular DA. Releaing DA into synapse. DA builds up.

Back 15

Amphetamines
displace

Front 16

G protein-linked receptor targets (postsyn) are part of a superfamily of ____ _____ regions. They are defined by different _________ and triggered by ______

Back 16

7 transmembrane
Agonists/antagonists
Enzymes

Front 17

List the types of action on receptors according to the Agonist spectrum.

Back 17

None - no change, baseline
Agonist - Max activity caused by natural NT
Partial Agonist -stabilizer, "Goldilocks solution"
Antagonist - blocks action of agonists. Direct vs Indirect.
Inverse Agonist

Front 18

Inverse agonist?

Back 18

An IA is the opposite of an agonist. It causes total inactivation and reduces activity below baseline.

Front 19

What are the 2 types of Ion Channels?

What 4 ions are targetted?

Back 19

Ligand-gated (opened by NTS)
Voltage Sensitive (charge)

Na+, Ca+, K+, Cl-

Front 20

________ion channels are opened and closed by actions of____. _____of psychotropic meds wrk on these.

Back 20

Ligand-gated
NT
20%

Front 21

Immediate change of ions in ____= almost immediate effects
Vs. G-Protein-Linked changes __________.

Back 21

Ligand-gated ion channels
that take longer

Front 22

Explain what makes an ion channel pentameric.

Back 22

pentameric when assembled from five protein subunits, each with receptor binding sites both inside and outside the channel.

Front 23

Explain tetrameric ion channel.

Back 23

Belong to ionotropic Glu receptors. 4 protein subunits each w 3 transmembrane regions and a reentrant loop.

Front 24

GABA-A is ______cholinergic.
Nicotine desensitizes & inactivates nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Deactivates because it_____

Back 24

Nicotinic
competes at the same sites as Ach - not broken down by enzymes liek Ach

Front 25

a Partial agonist= _______ in presence of full agonist

Back 25

net antagonist

Front 26

antagonist=______net agonist in presence of _____

Back 26

net agonist
inverse agonist

Front 27

PAM=?

Back 27

Positive Allosteric Modulation - this boosts NT effect, opens more and more often than Full Agonist alone but only in presence of NT
IE Benzos

Front 28

NAM=?

Back 28

Negative Allosteric Modulation - blocks or reduces NT effects, closes more and more often than NT alone

Front 29

What is desensitization?

Back 29

prolonged exposure to Agonist

Front 30

What is inactivation?

Back 30

receptor stabilized/closed after Inverse Agonist

Front 31

VSSC is ______

Back 31

Voltage Sensitive Sodium Channel

Front 32

2 types of Voltage Sensitive Ion Channels.

Neuron is ___charged at rest.
___, ____and then K+ all pumped in when neuron fires.

Back 32

VSSC and VSCC

(-)
Na+, Ca+

Front 33

VSCC is _________

Back 33

Voltage Sensitive Calcium Channel

Front 34

Describe the structure of VSCCs and VSSCs

Back 34

4 subunits, each with 6 transmembrane regions (#4 is voltage sensitive) and an extracellular loop (ionic filter) form the alpha subunit
May have other regulatory proteins.

Front 35

3 possible states of VSSCs

Back 35

1. Open
2. Inactived
3. Closed and inactivated

Front 36

What is excitation secretion coupling?

Back 36

Chemical pairing. It is the way in which Sodium and calcium channels work together cooperatively

Front 37

Enzymes are the targets. Meds usually work as ______.
___ and ____ are only 2 known targets currently

Back 37

enzyme inhibitors
MAO and AChE

Front 38

enzymes have binding sites for _____.
_____ block these from binding.

Back 38

Substrates
Inhibitors

Front 39

Descrieb the new model of pscyhiatric genetics

Back 39

Genes produce subtle, molecular abnormalities that create bias (or increase risk)
•Environment still important/influential for development of Sx and Dx
•Not really a “debate” anymore between nature and nurture
Mental Illnesses are symptom mixtures described by characteristic syndromes

Front 40

Define genotype

Back 40

What is coded in the DNA

Front 41

Define phenotype

Back 41

what is expressed as a result of genotype

Front 42

Define endophenotypes

Back 42

Endophenotypes are the intermediary phenotypes on the pathway between the molecular abnormality encoded by a gene which contributes to risk for mental illness and the mental illness itself. The two types are biological endophenotypes and symptom endophenotypes.

Front 43

Explain what VMAT does.

Back 43

VMATs are vesicular transporters for monoamines. Each monoamine has its own unique presynaptic transporter but all monoamines utilize the same transporter know as VMAT

Front 44

the processes involved in increasing intracellular DA as a result of amphetamine use.

Back 44

When DA is recaptured normally into the presynaptic neuron the neurotransmitter molecules are released and then can be taken back up into the neuron by the DAT. Once the DA is back inside the cell, it can be reused again in subsequent neurotransmissions. This process is significantly altered by the presence of amphetamines. Amphetamines inhibit DA at the VMAT and DAT. This causes the displacement of DAT from the synaptic vesicles, which means that massive amounts of intracellular DA are made available.

Front 45

List the 5 types of neutrophins. What do they do?

Back 45

BNDF
NGF
NT3
NT4
NT5
Promote survival of neurons