Psychopathology- Chapter 4

Front 1

An unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread, and physiological arousal.

Back 1

Anxiety

Front 2

An individual's tendency to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety.

Back 2

Trait anxiety

Front 3

An individual's level of anxiety at a specific time.

Back 3

State anxiety

Front 4

Chronic, pervasive, and debilitating nervousness.

Back 4

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Front 5

Panic attacks that cause ongoing distress or impairment.

Back 5

Panic disorder

Front 6

Discrete episode of acute terror in the absence of real danger.

Back 6

Panic attack

Front 7

An intense, persistent, and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

Back 7

Phobia

Front 8

A phobia in which fears are focused on social situations or other activities where there is a possibility of being observed and judged.

Back 8

Social phobia

Front 9

A fear of wide open spaces or crowded places.

Back 9

Agoraphobia

Front 10

Any phobia that is not a social phobia or agoraphobia.

Back 10

Specific phobia

Front 11

An anxiety disorder in which distressing and unwanted thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly interfere with daily functioning.

Back 11

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Front 12

Unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses.

Back 12

Obsessions

Front 13

Irrational rituals that are repeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obsessional thoughts.

Back 13

Compulsions

Front 14

An emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is a real or perceived possibility of death or serious injury to oneself or a loved one.

Back 14

Trauma

Front 15

Significant post-traumatic anxiety symptoms that occur within one month of a traumatic experience.

Back 15

Acute stress disorder

Front 16

Significant post-traumatic anxiety symptoms occurring more than one month after a traumatic experience.

Back 16

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Front 17

A vivid and often overwhelming recollection of a past traumatic experience.

Back 17

Flashback

Front 18

The presence of two or more disorders in one person, or a general association between two or more different disorders.

Back 18

Comorbidity

Front 19

A term used by Latino populations in Latin America and in the United States to describe a range of symptoms of nervous distress.

Back 19

Nervios

Front 20

A term used in some Latino cultures to describe an episode of intense anxiety.

Back 20

Ataque de nervios

Front 21

An anxiety syndrome recognized in China including symptoms of physical or mental exhaustion, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, physical pains, dizziness, headaches, and memory loss.

Back 21

Shenjing shuairuo

Front 22

An anxiety disorder recognized in japan characterized by worry that one's body or aspects of one's body will be displeasing or offensive to others.

Back 22

Taijin kyofusho

Front 23

The part of the central nervous system that regulates involuntary bodily systems, such as breathing and heart rate; it is made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Back 23

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Front 24

The part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body's response to emergency and arousal situations.

Back 24

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 25

The part of the autonomous nervous system that regulates the body's calming and energy conserving functions.

Back 25

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 26

Extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal that prepares animals to flee or attack when faced with danger.

Back 26

Fight-or-Flight response

Front 27

A group of subcortical structures involved in the experience and expression of emotions and the formation of memories.

Back 27

Limbic system

Front 28

A brain structure which registers the emotional significance of sensory signals and contributes to the expression of emotion.

Back 28

Amygdala

Front 29

A brain structure involved in the formation of memories.

Back 29

Hippocampus

Front 30

A subcortical brain structure that controls the endocrine, or hormonal system.

Back 30

Hypothalamus

Front 31

A neurotransmitter that inhibits nervous system activity.

Back 31

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front 32

A neurotransmitter associated with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; involved in depression and panic attacks.

Back 32

Norepinephrine

Front 33

A part of the brain stem associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Back 33

Locus coeruleus

Front 34

A neurotransmitter associated with depression and anxiety.

Back 34

Serotonin

Front 35

A subcortical brain structure involved in the regulation of movement

Back 35

Basal ganglia

Front 36

Sedative drugs formerly used to treat anxiety.

Back 36

Barbitruates

Front 37

Sedative drugs that treat anxiety by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Back 37

Benzodiazepines

Front 38

A "second generation" class of anti-depressant medications that block the re-uptake of serotonin from the synapse; used in the treatment of depression and other disorders.

Back 38

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Front 39

A "first generation" class of antidepressant medications which increases the availability of both serotonin and norepinephrine.

Back 39

Trycyclic antidepressants

Front 40

Drugs that treat anxiety by decreasing the activity of norepinephrine.

Back 40

Beta-blockers

Front 41

Drugs that treat anxiety by regulating serotonin.

Back 41

Azaspirones

Front 42

Learning that takes place via automatic associations between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.

Back 42

Classical conditioning

Front 43

A form of learning in which behaviors are shaped through rewards and punishments.

Back 43

Operant conditioning

Front 44

Learning based on observing and imitating the behavior of others; see also social/observational learning.

Back 44

Modeling

Front 45

Two events occurring closely together in time.

Back 45

Temporal contiguity

Front 46

Increasing the probability of a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs.

Back 46

Negative reinforcement

Front 47

The weakening of a connection between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

Back 47

Extinction

Front 48

Classical conditioning based on an evolutionarily derived sensitivity to certain stimuli that were dangerous in an ancestral environment.

Back 48

Prepared conditioning

Front 49

Intervention involving gradually increasing exposure to a conditioned stimulus (such as a feared object) while practicing relaxation techniques.

Back 49

Systematic desensitization

Front 50

Technique for teaching people to calm themselves by regulating their breathing and attending to bodily sensations.

Back 50

Relaxation training

Front 51

In systematic desensitization, a list of feared situation ranging from least to most terrifying.

Back 51

Fear hierarchy

Front 52

Behavioral desensitization training in which the client is actually confronted with the feared stimulus.

Back 52

In vivo desensitization

Front 53

Behavioral desensitization intervention for phobias in which the client practices relaxation techniques while imagining being confronted with the feared stimulus.

Back 53

Covert desensitization

Front 54

Intensive exposure to a feared stimulus.

Back 54

Flooding

Front 55

Deliberate induction of the physiological sensations typically associated with a panic attack.

Back 55

Interoceptive exposure

Front 56

A behavioral intervention in which clients are encouraged to confront a frightening thought or situation and then prevented from engaging in anxiety-reducing behaviors.

Back 56

Exposure and response prevention

Front 57

Exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder for clients whose compulsions are mental processes (not behaviors).

Back 57

Cover response prevention

Front 58

A behavioral intervention in which clients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder are encouraged to describe the traumatizing experience(s) in detail

Back 58

Prolonged imaginal exposure

Front 59

mental models of the world that are used to organize information.

Back 59

Cognitive schemas

Front 60

Irrational beliefs and thinking processes.

Back 60

Cognitive distortions

Front 61

A cognitive distortion involving thinking in terms of extremes and absolutes.

Back 61

Dichotomous reasoning

Front 62

A cognitive distortion involving the tendency to view minor problems as major catastrophes.

Back 62

Catastrophizing

Front 63

A cognitive distortion in which people or situations are characterized on the basis of global, not specific, features.

Back 63

Labeling

Front 64

A cognitive distortion in which one wrongly assumes that he or she is the cause of a particular event.

Back 64

Personalization

Front 65

A defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content.

Back 65

Repression

Front 66

A defense mechanism in which feelings about someone or something are unconsciously shifted to someone or something else.

Back 66

Displacement

Front 67

A phase during normal development when children desire an exclusive loving relationship with the parent of the opposite sex.

Back 67

Oedipus complex

Front 68

A defense mechanism in which an individual attributes his or her won unacceptable emotions to someone or something else.

Back 68

Projection

Front 69

A defense mechanism in which thoughts occur without associated feelings.

Back 69

Isolation of affect

Front 70

A defense mechanism in which one action or thought is used to "cancel out" another action or thought.

Back 70

Undoing

Front 71

A humanistic term for patterns of thought and feeling that emerge around salient emotional experiences (usually in childhood) and are activated in similar situation during adulthood).

Back 71

Maladaptive emotional scheme

Front 72

A brain system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex that regulates the release of stress hormones into the bloodstream.

Back 72

HPA axis