Psychopath 1.3

Front 1

primary brain area involved with arousal

Back 1

reticular activating system

Front 2

3 neurotransmitter systems that involved with RAS?

Back 2

NE
5HT
DA

Front 3

amygdala stimulates the ? produces increased alterness searching and surveillance behaviors in animals

Back 3

basolateral nucleus

Front 4

selective attention (focusing and keeping attention on whats relevant)

brain areas invovled (3)

Back 4

brainstem nuclei - filter out background noise

hippocampus - dmg causes inability to shift attention appropriately

prefrontal cortex - dmg causes distractibility and apathy (lack of enthusiasm)

Front 5

neurotransmitter most implicated in filtrering distracters and focusing attenition (SELECTIVE ATTENTION)

Back 5

norepinephrine

Front 6

unconditioned fear

parts of the brain responsible (3)

Back 6

amygdala - dmg causes loss of ability to respond to afear appropriately

hypothalamus

Periaqueductal gray matter

Front 7

central nucleus of the amygdala has direct conenctions to the ? for fear responses

Back 7

ANS
hypothalmus
PAG

Front 8

conditioned fear response requires what brain structure?

Back 8

amygdala - critical structure!! for forming EMOTIONAL ASSOCIATIONS to previous neutral stimuli

Front 9

example of ?

repeated shocks to a mouse everytime a bell rings. ringing the bell alone will cause the mouse to shiver and hide

Back 9

fear conditioning

Front 10

? lesions prevents the formation of conditioned emotional associations

Back 10

amygdala

Front 11

use of a ? into amygdala blocks fear learning implicating ? in this process

Back 11

NMDA antagonist

glutamate

Front 12

amygdala -->(up) ? --> cortex

central nucleus --> down ? and ?

Back 12

basolateral nucleus --> cortex


hypothalamus and ANS

Front 13

Knockout mice lacking ? are unusually anxious!!

Back 13

5HT 1A receptors

Front 14

? are effective treaments for all of the anxiety disorders

Back 14

SSRI

serotonin helps with anxiety!!

Front 15

structure that causes "seeking"

Back 15

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Front 16

electrode stimulation in rats brains causes the rats to sniff and exploratory behavior. what pathway is this?

Back 16

mesolimbic dopamine system

Front 17

stimulate electrodes in cats will cause PREDATORY AGGRESSION. what pathway is this?

Back 17

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Front 18

substance of abuse will activate this pathway directly or indirectlly

Back 18

mesolimbic dopamine system

Front 19

cells in the ? will increase their firing when rat is exploring and searching for food

OR

in monkeys--presented with cues which predict a reward

Back 19

lateral hypothalamus

Front 20

neurotransmitter in seeking behviors

Back 20

dopamine

Front 21

True or False

drugs which directly sitmulate dopaminergic activity (amphetamine and cocaine) produce a sense of confidence, eagerness, and energy

Back 21

true

Front 22

drugs which block? can produce a feeling of apathy and anhedonia (lack of pleasure from activities)

Back 22

dopamine

Front 23

predatory aggression )quiet stalking, pouncing, biting) does not involve significant ANS activation

true or false

Back 23

true

Front 24

response to a threat... displays of angry threatning behaviors.

Back 24

affective aggression

marked ANS activation!!

Front 25

Pathway for Affective aggression

Back 25

Amygdala (BL nucleus) --> hypothalamus (Medial) --> PAG --> affective aggression

Front 26

Pathway for predatory aggresion

Back 26

AMygdala (CM NUCLEUS) --> hypothalamus (LATERAL) --> VTA (similiar to PA mesolimbic pathway) --> predatory aggression

Front 27

predatory aggression is modulated by the ? and its projections to structures invovled with the SEEKING SYSTEM

Back 27

corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala

Front 28

Affective aggresssion occurs via activation of the same structures invovled in CONDITIONED FEAR RESPONSE

true or false

Back 28

true

Front 29

low turnover of what neurotransmiiter have been linked to impulsive aggression in mice?

Back 29

decreased SEROTONIN turnover


drugs that block synthesis or release of serotonin cause aggression

Front 30

knockout mice lacking ? receptors are much more aggressive in stressful situations

Back 30

5HT 1B receptors



***remember that 5HT 1A receptors are uses in ANXIOUS --- 1A=ANXIOUS!!!! 1B=*****!!!!

Front 31

Eating and seeking and predatory aggression

all have what brain structure invovlement in common?

Back 31

lateral hypothalamus

Front 32

part of brain invovled with the act to decrease feeding bheaviors

Back 32

ARCUATE NUCLEUS

Front 33

agonist of MC3 and MC4 receptors to decrease eating, increase energy expenditure and decrease weight

derived from POMC peptide

Back 33

alpha - MSH

inhibits eating!!!

Front 34

? produces very potent SHORTTERM REDUCTIONS in feeding behaviors

Back 34

CART (cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript)

Front 35

increase feeding behaviors

Arcuate nucleus has what 2 molecules that stimulate eeating?

Back 35

AgRP --inverse agonist of MC3 and MC4 (inhibit eating is alpha-MSH!!!!)

Neuropeptide Y

Front 36

increase feeding behaviors

Lateral hypothalmus has what 2 molecules?

Back 36

MCH (melanocyte concentrating hormone)

Orexin (hypocretin)

Front 37

? deficiency is believed to be a critical element in pathophys of NARCOLEPSY sleep disorder

Back 37

Orexin


(remember your bio research?)

Front 38

Hunger hormone reselased from stomach

only circulating hormone found to date that stimulates appetite!!!!

Back 38

ghrelin

Front 39

destruction of the MESO-CORTICO-LIMBIC system reduces ? behavior

animals will ENJOYABLY eat a tasty morsel but will not go out and seek it!!!

Back 39

feeding behavior

Front 40

? is a critical element of the seeking system

Back 40

Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine system

Front 41

Adiposity signals

2 molecules --

Back 41

Leptin

Insulin

Front 42

high fat mass = high or low leptin?

Back 42

high leptin

Front 43

Leptin is produced by ?

Back 43

white adipose cells

Front 44

high leptin levels

stimulate eating or inhibit eating?

Back 44

inhibit eating

Front 45

prevent bulimic binges what drug do you use?

Back 45

SSRI

Front 46

Central serotonin system has an effect on melanocortin system

mechanism?

Back 46

inhibit AgRP

reduce inhibitory input on POMC cells

direct stimulation of POMC

Front 47

what areas are invovled in PLANNED behavior and Social itneractions

Back 47

Amygdala

association corticies
-PREFRONTAL CORTEX
-CINGULATE GYRUS (limbic)

Front 48

what part of the brain allows one to HOLD BACK and delay a reflexive response

ability for ABSTRACT THOUGHT and BIGGER PICTURE (beliefs, biases etc.)

GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR

Back 48

Prefrontal Cortex
(dorsolateral and orbitomedial)

Front 49

damage to this part of the brain causes

inHumans
social unresponsiveness
loss of appropriate emotional inflections when speaking

inMonkeys
cease of affection
cessation of maternal care
treat fellow monkeys like inanimate objects

Back 49

Cingulate Gyrus

Front 50

? appears to be invovled in motiviating social and maternal caring and connectedness

Back 50

cingulate gyrus

Front 51

Bilateral destruction in monkeys produces

reduced responsitivity to social stimuli (reduced aggressivness, fearfulness, competitivness, and reduced social interest)

difficulty in recogninzing the meaning or signficance of objects (explore object with their mouths)

impaired threat assessment (diminished ability to recognize dangerous situations)

Back 51

amygdala

Front 52

most important type of memory clinically is ?

Back 52

DECLARATIVE MEMORY -- remembering of facts and events

Front 53

true or false

memory is localized to one spot

Back 53

false

it is not localized!

Front 54

what structures form the critical bottleneck in memory processing?

**MOST MEMORY DYDSFFUNCTION ENCOUNTERED CLINCIALLY INVOVLED ABNORMALITIES IN THESE STRUCTURES!!

Back 54

Hippocampus

Medial Thalamus

Front 55

Krosakoff syndrome is declarative memory amnesia caused by?

common type of patient = ALCOHOLIC!!

Back 55

thiamine deficiency

**bilateral mammilary body** trigger word

Front 56

memory loss from brain damage causes loss of ability to recall / store short term memories

what structures are damaged?

***MOST CRITICAL STRUCTURES IN DECLARATIVE MEMORY****

Back 56

hippocampus and adjacent areas

ENterohinal Cortex
Parahippocampal gyrus

Front 57

3 most important structures in declarative memory?

Back 57

hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
enterohinal cortex

Front 58

korsakoff syndrome is caused by thiamin deficiency

what brain structures are most likely damaged?

Back 58

mammilary bodies

dorsomedial thalamus

Front 59

area most implicated in dementia of the alzheimers type (DAT) is the ?

Back 59

Basal Forebrain

DONT FORGET THIS!!!

Front 60

what neurotransmitter is important in memory. use of drugs that block this neurotranmitter will impair memory acquisition

Back 60

ACh

Front 61

Destruction of the basal nuclesus of Meynert will cause what type of memory loss?

Back 61

Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type


loss of ACh

Front 62

patients with alzheimers disease have impairment in acquiring new memories have low levels of what neurotranmitter?

Back 62

ACh

Front 63

What drug would you recommend your alzheimers pt to use to help cognitivie abilities?

Back 63

AChesterase inhibitors

allows more ACh = better memory

Front 64

What will give you the greatest neuronal response for memory storing?

Back 64

low level stimulation

then High frequency (tetanic) stimulation

then low-level stimulation produces a GREATER NEURONAL RESPONSE and the increased responsivity persists!!

Front 65

What is the cellular mechanism of Long-term potentiaion in memory?

Back 65

NMDA receptors

Front 66

Enteronhinal stim --> stimulates hippocampal NMDA receptors --> increased calcium influx --> long standing activation of Ca2+ dependent proten kinases --> long standing neuronal changes

Back 66

Enteronhinal stim --> stimulates hippocampal NMDA receptors --> increased calcium influx --> long standing activation of Ca2+ dependent proten kinases --> long standing neuronal changes

Front 67

what attaches an emotional reaction to a memory?

increases the strength of the memory
--mechanism?

Back 67

amygdala

peripheral hormonal system --EPINEPHRINE and GLUCOCORTICOIDS

increased NOREPINEPHRINE in the BASOLATERAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA

Front 68

long term potentiaons in amygdala cells

--local infusion of NMDA ANATAGONISTS will block the acquisition of fear conditioning

true or false

Back 68

true