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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
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Acquisition
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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
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Behaviorism
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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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Classical Conditioning
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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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Discrimination
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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a Conditioned Stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
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Extinction
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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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Generalization
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A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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Learning
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The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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Modeling
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Operant Conditioning
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An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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Punishment
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In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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Reinforcer
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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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Shaping
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In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) such as salivation when food is in the mouth
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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A test designed to test what a person has learned
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Achievement Tests
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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
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Creativity
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A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
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Down Syndrome
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The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
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Emotional Intelligence
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A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
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General Intelligence
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Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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Intelligence
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Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca*100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
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Intelligence Test
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A measure of intelligence test performed devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
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Mental Age
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Also called intellectual disability; a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
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Mental Retardation
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Normal distribution; a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean or average (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it), and fewer and fewer near the extremes
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Normal Curve
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The extent to which a test yields consistent results. as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
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Reliability
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Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
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Standardization
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The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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Validity
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The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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