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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
Acquisition
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Behaviorism
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Discrimination
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a Conditioned Stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Extinction
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Generalization
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Learning
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant Conditioning
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Punishment
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Reinforcer
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A test designed to test what a person has learned
Achievement Tests
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Creativity
A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Down Syndrome
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Emotional Intelligence
A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
General Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intelligence
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca*100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Intelligence Test
A measure of intelligence test performed devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
Mental Age
Also called intellectual disability; a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
Mental Retardation
Normal distribution; a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean or average (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it), and fewer and fewer near the extremes
Normal Curve
The extent to which a test yields consistent results. as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
Reliability
Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Standardization
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Validity
The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)