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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A newborn infant up to 1 month old.
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Neonate
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Inborn, unlearned, automatic responses (such as blinking, sucking, and grasping) to certain environment stimuli
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Reflexes
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Each infant's own genetically determined, biological pattern of development
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Maturation
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An apparatus used to measure infants' ability to perceive depth
"can descriminated depth as soon as they can crawl" |
Visual Cliff
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A decrease in response or attention to a stimulus as an infant becomes accustomed to it.
(triangle and circle) |
Habituation
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Reflexes Present at Birth
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~Swallowing, sucking, coughing, and blinking.
~Move arm or leg, or other body part away from a painful stimuls and will try to remove a blanket or cloth placed over face |
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Stroke a baby on the cheek, and you will trigger this. The baby opens its mouth and searches for nipple etc.
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Rooting Reflex
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Evidence of learning in infants
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Habituation
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Harlow's experiments of attachment in infant monkeys
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•The monkeys attached to the comforted cloth monkey mother for nourishment. Contact comfort
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The early, close relationship formed between infant and caregiver.
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Attachment
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Father-child relationship
(without a father) |
Neg: child exhibits antisocial behavior, such as deceitfulness and aggression, are more likely to demonstrate such behavior themselves.
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Father-child relationship
(with a father) |
Children with fathers experience higher IQs and do better in social situations and at coping w/ frustration.
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The mental process of modifying existing schemes and creating new ones in order to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, and information
~changing structure. Balls bounce but oranges don’t even though they are both round etc. |
Accomodation
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The mental process by which new objects, events, experiences, and information are incorporated into existing schemes.
~child has a little toy hammer and parent buys him a new wrench. Instead of using it as a wrench the child still uses it like a hammer. Uses same structure |
Assimilation
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Piaget's term for a mental process that uses specific experiences to make inferences that can be generalized to new experiences
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Organization
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A plan of action based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances
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Scheme
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The mental process that motivates humans to keep schemes in balance with the real environment
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Equilibration
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Piaget's four stages of cognitive development
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1) Sensorimotor stage (ages birth to 2 yrs)
2) Preoperational Stage (ages 2-6 yrs) 3)Concrete Operations Stage (ages 6 to 11 yrs) 4) Formal Operations Stage (Ages 11 or 12 yrs and beyond) |
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Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, in which infants gain an understanding of their world through their senses and their motor activites; culminates with the development of object permanence and the beginning of representational thought.
~action |
Sensorimotor stage
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The realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
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Object permanence
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Paiget's second stage of cognitive development, which is characterized by the development and refinement of schemes for symbolic representation.
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Preoperational Stage
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A preoperational child's tendency to focus on only one dimension of a stimulus
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Centration
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Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, during which a child acquires the concepts of reversibility and conservation and is able to attend to two or more dimensions of a stimulus at the same time.
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Concrete Operations Stage
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The fact that when only the appearance of a substance has been changed, it can be returned to its original state
(concrete op. stage) |
Reversibility
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Understanding that a given quantity of matter remains the same if it is rearranged or changed in its appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away.
(concrete op. stage) |
Conservation
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Piaget's fourth and final stage of cog. development, which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations.
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Formal operations stage
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Ainsworth’s four patterns of attachment
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1)Secure (seek mother)
2)avoidant (ignore mother) 3)resident (insecure, upset) 4)disorganized. (disoriented) Most common: secure |
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Parents who set high but realistic and resonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence
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Authoritative Parents
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Parents who make few rules or demands and usually do not enforce those that are made; they allow children to make their own decisions and control their own behavior
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Permissive Parents
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Parents who are permissive and are not involved in their children's lives
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Neglecting Parents
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The process of learning socially acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and values
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Socialization
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Parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority
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Authoritarian Parents
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Theory
(p342) |
1) Trust/attachment
2) Shame or doubt may result 3)Pretend play 4) Elementary school years 4)identity when an adolescent (identity versus role and confusion) 5) Adolescents must integrate 6) Primary adult goal: get & give care 7) Middle Age~productive work 8) Old age involves looking back on life |
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The emotional turmoil a teen experiences when trying to establish a sense of personal identity
(erikson's 8 stages) |
Identity Crisis
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The development stage that begins at puberty and encompasses the period from the end of childhood to the beginning of adulthood
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Adolescence
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Those physical characteristics that are not directly involved in reproduction but distinguish the mature male from the mature female
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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The ablilty to thnk about and control one's momory processes
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Metamemory
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Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, in which moral reasoning is governed by the standards of others rather than the person's own internalized standards of right and wrong; acts are judged as good or as bad based on their physical consequences
(punishment) |
preconventional level
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Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, in which the individual has internalized the standards of others and judges right and wrong in terms of those standards
(rules) |
Conventional level
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Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning, in which moral reasoning involves weighing moral alternatives and realizing that laws may conflict with basic human rights
(ethics) |
Postconventional level
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a type of intelligence comprising verbal ability and accumulated knowledge, which tend to increase over the lifespan
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Crystallized Intelligence
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A type of intelligence comprising abstract reasoing and mental flexibility, which peak in the early 20s and decline slowly as people age.
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Fluid Intelligence
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A group of neuraological disorders in which problems with memory and thinking affect an individual's emotional, social, and physical deterioration of the brain.
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Dementias
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A progressive and incurable disorder that involves widespread degeneration and disruption of brain cells, resulting in dementia
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Alzheimer's Disease
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The pair of chromosomes that determines the biological sex of a person (XX females and XY males)
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Sex chromosomes
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Physiological status as male or female
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Biological sex
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The sex glands, the ovaries in females and the testes in males
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gonads
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male sex hormones
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androgens
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the internal and external reproductive organs; the genitals
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primary sex characteristics
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the physical characteristics that appear at puberty and are associated with sexual maturity but not directly involved in reproduction
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secondary sex characteristics
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the psychological and sociocultural definition of masculinity or feminity, based on the expected behaviors for males and females
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Gender
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Cultural expectations about the behaviors appropriate to each gender
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Gender roles
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The process by which individuals acquire the traits, behaviors, attitudes, preferences, and interests that the culture considers appropriate for their biological sex.
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Gender typing
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The understanding that activities and clothes dont affect geneder stability; acquired between ages 6 and 8
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gender constancy
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The awareness that gender is a permanent characteristic; acquired between ages 4 and 5
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Gender stability
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The sense of being male or female; acquired between ages 2 and 3
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Gender identity
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A theory suggesting that young children are motivated to attend to and behave in ways consistent with gender-based standards and stereotypes of their culture
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gender schema theory
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A combination of desirable masculine ad feminine characteristics in one person
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Androgyny
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according to Masters and Johnson, the typical pattern of the human sexual response in both males and females, consisting of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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Sexual Response Cycle
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The first stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by an erection in males and a swelling of the clitoris and vaginal lubrication in females
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Excitement Phase
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The second stage of the sexual response cycle, during which muscle tension and blood flow to the genitals increase in preperation for orgasm.
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Plateau Phase
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The third stage of the sexual response cycle, marked by a sudden discharge of accumulated sexual tension and involuntary muscle contractions
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Orgasm
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the final stage of the sexual response cycle, during which the body returns to an unaroused state.
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Resolution phase
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A female sex hormone that promotes the secondary sex characteristics in females and controls the menstraul cycle
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Estrogen
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A female sex hormone that plays a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and prepares the lining of the uterus for pregnancy
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Progesterone
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The most important androgen, which influences the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics and sexual motivation and, in small amounts, maintains sexual interest and responsivenss in females
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Testasterone
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The direction of one's sexual preference, erotic feelings, and sexual activity- toward members of the opposite sex (heterosexuals), toward one's own sex (homosexuals), or toward both sexuals (bisexuals)
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Sexual Orientation
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A persistent or recurrent problem that causes marked distress and interpersonal difficulty and that may involve some combination of the following: sexual desire, sexual arousal or the pleasure associated with sex, or orgasm.
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Sexual Dysfunction
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A sexual dysfunction marked by low or nonexistent sexual desire or interest in sexual activity.
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Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
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A sexual dysfunction characterized by an aversion to and active avoidance of genitals contact with a sexual partner
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Sexual Aversion Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which a woman may not feel sexually aroused in response to sexual stimulation or may be unable to achieve or sustain an adequate lubrication-swelling response to sexual excitement
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which a man experiences the repeated inability to have or sustain an erection firm enought for coitus
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Male erectile disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which a woman is persistently unable to reach orgasm or delays in reaching orgasm, despite adequate sexual stimulation
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Female orgasmic disorder
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Infections that are spread primarily through intimate sexual contact
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDS)
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A sexual dysfunction in which a woman may not feel sexually aroused in response to sexual stimulation or may be unable to achieve or sustain an adequate lubrication-swelling response to sexual excitement
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which a man experiences the repeated inability to have or sustain an erection firm enought for coitus
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Male erectile disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which a woman is persistently unable to reach orgasm or delays in reaching orgasm, despite adequate sexual stimulation
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Female orgasmic disorder
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Infections that are spread primarily through intimate sexual contact
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDS)
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A sexual dysfunction in which a woman may not feel sexually aroused in response to sexual stimulation or may be unable to achieve or sustain an adequate lubrication-swelling response to sexual excitement
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which a man experiences the repeated inability to have or sustain an erection firm enought for coitus
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Male erectile disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which a woman is persistently unable to reach orgasm or delays in reaching orgasm, despite adequate sexual stimulation
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Female orgasmic disorder
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Infections that are spread primarily through intimate sexual contact
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDS)
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Physiological status as male or female
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Biological sex
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The sex glands, the ovaries in females and the testes in males
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gonads
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male sex hormones
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androgens
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the internal and external reproductive organs; the genitals
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primary sex characteristics
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the physical characteristics that appear at puberty and are associated with sexual maturity but not directly involved in reproduction
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secondary sex characteristics
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the psychological and sociocultural definition of masculinity or feminity, based on the expected behaviors for males and females
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Gender
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Cultural expectations about the behaviors appropriate to each gender
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Gender roles
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The process by which individuals acquire the traits, behaviors, attitudes, preferences, and interests that the culture considers appropriate for their biological sex.
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Gender typing
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The understanding that activities and clothes dont affect geneder stability; acquired between ages 6 and 8
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gender constancy
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The awareness that gender is a permanent characteristic; acquired between ages 4 and 5
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Gender stability
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