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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is Psychology?
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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What are the goals of psychology?
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Seek to describe,explain, presict and control behavior and mental processes
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Define Theory
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A formulation of relationships underlying observed events
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How are logical theories used by psychologists?
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To combine statements about behavior,mental processes, and biological processes.
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What do psychologists do?
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Pure research, Applied Research, Practice pshycology, and teaching
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What is Pure Research?
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Has no immediate application to personal or social problems, therefore has been characterized as research for its own sake
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What is Applied Reseach?
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Designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.
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What are Clinical psychologists?
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They help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life. Usually using interviews and tests.
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What are Counseling psychologists?
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Use interviews and tests to define their clients' problems.
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What are school psychologists?
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They are employed by the school systems to idetify and assist students who have learning problems.
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What are Educational psychologists?
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They attempt to facilitate learning, usually focusing on course planning and instructional methods of the school system rather than on the individual student.
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What are Developmental psychologists?
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Study the changes that occur throughtout the life span.
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What are Personality psychologists?
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They focus on on goals such as identifying and measuring human traits;determining influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.
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What are Social psychologists?
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They are primarily concerened with the nature and causes of indivudials' thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.
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What are Environmental psychologists?
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Study the qways in which people and the enviroment influence each other.
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What are experimental psychologists?
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Specialize in basic processes such as nervous system,sensation, and perception, learning and memory, thought motivation, and emotion.
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What are Industrial psychologists?
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Focuses on the relationships between people and work.
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What are Orginizational psychologists?
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Study the behavior of people in organizations such as buisnesses.
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What are Human Factors psychologists?
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Makes technical systems such as automobile dashboards and computer keyboards user friendly.
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What are Health pyschologists?
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Examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical health.
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What are Sport psychologists?
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Helps people's performance in sports.
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Who was Aristotle a student of?
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Plato
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What famous child did he tutor?
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Alexander the Great
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Who was his father physician to?
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A king.
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What is he the founder of in Greece?
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The world's first university...Lyceum
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What is Aristotle sometimes called?
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The father of modern psychology.
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What did he number?
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The five senses.
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What is empiricism?
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View that science could rationally treat only information gathered by the senses.
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What did Democritus suggest?
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That we could thing of behavior in terms of body and a mind.
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What is Structuralism?
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The school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of 3 basic elements-sensations, feelings, and images-that combine to form experience
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Wilhelm Wundt
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What is Funtionalism?
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Belief that In the study of the individuals focus should be on behavior as well as the mind and consciousness
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William James
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Who is John Broadus Watson?
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Discovered Behaviorism which is the belief that psychology should limit itself to observable, measurable events and behavior.
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Bonus
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What is the book that Aristotle wrote?
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Peri Psyches
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History of psychological thought
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What does Gestalt translate to?
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"Pattern" or "organized whole"
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What was the belief of B.F. Skinner?
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Believed organisms learn to behave in certain ways because of reinforcement.
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Reinforcement
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Who are the founders of the Gestalt Psychology?
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Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler
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there are 3
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What do Gestalt psychologists focus on?
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The perception and on how perception influnces thinking and problem solving
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"Organized Whole"
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Gestalt psychologists believed taht learning could be what?
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Active and purposeful.
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Not just responsive and mechanical as it Watson's and Skinner's experiments
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What does psychoanalysis focus on?
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The unconsious--the seething cauldron of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.
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The ID
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Who was Psychoanalysis founded by?
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Sigmond Freud
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Bonus
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What is Psychoanalysis also known as?
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Psycodynamic
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Who is Mary Whilton Calkins?
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The first female president of the American Psychological Association who could not recieve her degree that she rightfully earned from Harvard because she was female.
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Stood up for her rights.
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What kind of theory did Chrisiting Ladd-Franklin formulate?
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Color vision
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Who is Margaret Floy Wasburn?
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First woman to recieve a Ph.D. in psychology
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Wrote 'The Animal Mind'
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What is the Scientific Method?
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An organized way of using experience and testing ideas in orded to expand and refine knowledge
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What is a Hypothesis?
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A specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is testesd through research.
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How can you test a hypothesis?
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Through controlled methods such as the experiment
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What is Replication?
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Repeating a study to see if the findings hold up over time with different subjects
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What is the correlation method?
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A mathmatical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another varible decreases or increase
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Galton
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Who invented the use of the Correlation method?
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Sir Francis Galton
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cousin of Charles Darwin
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What is a selection factor?
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A source of bias that may occur in research finding when subjects are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in scientific study
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What does it mean to generalize?
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To extend from the particular to the general; to apply observations based on a sample to a population
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What is a Sample?
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Part of a population
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Define Population
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A complete group of organisms or events
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Define Random Sample
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A sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate
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Define Stratified Sample
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A sample drawn so that identified sub groups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample
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Define volunteer bias
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A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offere to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not
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What is a case study?
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A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionaires, and psychological tests
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What is a survey?
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A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior.
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Define naturalistic observation
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A scientifc method in which organisms are observes in their natural enviroments
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What is positive and negative correlation?
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A relation ship between variables in which one variable either increases as the other also increases (positive) or decreases (negative)
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Define Experiment
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A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause and effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables
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Define treatment
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A condition receive by subjects so that its effects may be observed
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IN EXPERIMENTS!
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What is an independent variable?
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A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed
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What is a dependent variable?
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A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable
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What are experimental groups?
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Groups whose members obtain the the treatment (in experiments)
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What are control groups?
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Groups whose members do not obtain the treatment while other conditions are held constant (in experiments)
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What are Placebos?
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A bogus treatment that has the appearence of being genuine
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The experimental terminology that describes a subject taht is unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment
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Blind
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What is a double-blind study?
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A study in which niether the subjects nor the observers know who has the treatment
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What can correlational studies suggest but not prove?
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Cause and Effect
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Aristotle
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What is the definition of ethical?
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Moral; referring to one's systems of derivin standards for determining what is moral
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What is the point of basic ethical standards?
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Intended to promote individual dignity, human welfare, and scientific integrity
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What is the main basic ethical standard?
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Do not undertake research methods that are harmful.
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What is kept due to ethical standards with humans?
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Confidentiality
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Psychologists _________ to humans the results of research conducted with animals.
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generalize
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When can animals be harmed in research?
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When there is no alternative and when the researchers believe that the benefits justify the harm
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What are 3 of the 8 principles of critical thinking?
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*Be skeptical
*Examine definitions of terms *Examine the assumptions of premises of arguments *Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence *Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence *Do not oversimplify *Do not overgeneralize *Apply critical thinking to all areas of life |
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What does the Barnum effect allow?
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It allows generalized personality reports to sound perfectly accurate
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How many ppl in the US believe in Astrology?
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1 in 4
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out of 4!!
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How many people in the US occasionaly check their horoscope and out of that percent how many reget the idea?
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43%--60%
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In percent
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What book did Charles Darwin write?
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"The Orgin of the Species by Natural Selection"
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What serves as the material base for our behaviors, emotions, and cognitions
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Biology
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What are Mutations?
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Differences in individual traits and/or adapations for survival
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What is Evolutionary Psychology?
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Applies adaptation and natural selection to mental processess and bahavior?
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One's biological structures and processess transmitted from generation to generation is what?
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Heredity
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What does behavioral genetics do?
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Bridges the sciences of psychology and biology.
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What are molecular genetics?
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The area of genetics that focuses on the idenification of specific genes that are connected with the development of traits, behavior, and mental processes
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