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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Psychology
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the study of how people influence others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes
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Need to belong theory
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biologically based need for interpersonal connections
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Social Facilitation
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enhancement of easy tasks in the presence of others.
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Social disruption
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disruption of difficult tasks due to the presence of others.
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Attributions
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Assigning Cause to Behavior
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (personality, attitudes, intelligence) on other people’s behavior
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Social Comparison Theory
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we evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing ourselves to others
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Mass hysteria
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outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion
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Conformity
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tendency of people to change their behavior because of group influence
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Asch Paradigm
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cover story, confederates. Line tests… if everyone else said the one line was right but you thought otherwise, would you go along? 60% of people eventually agreed when 5 others said line 3 was right
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Deindividuation
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Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison study
Abu-Ghraib Iraqi prison Crowds (e.g., games, concerts |
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Groupthink
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emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making
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Group Polarization
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tendency of group discussions to strengthen dominant positions held by individual group members
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Milgram Paradigm
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Authority figure, teacher (subject), learner and Compliance:
-Decreased with greater psychological distance between the Teacher and Experimenter -Increased with increasing psychological distance between Teacher and Learner (e.g., teacher gives orders to another subject who delivers shock to learner) -Negatively correlated with moral development -Was more likely with authoritarian teachers -No known sex or cultural differences |
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Bystander Nonintervention
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Kitty Genovese stabbing
Deletha Word beating |
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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does anyone else think this is an emergency?
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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passing the buck/in groups, individuals feel less responsible for outcome
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Social Loafing
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For a group, the whole is less than the sum of its parts
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Altruism
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helping selflessly
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Persuasion
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Two pathways for persuading others:
-Central route - evaluate merits thoughtfully -Peripheral route - snap judgments Effective techniques -Foot-in-the-door -Door-in-the-face -Low-ball |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, or by justifying or rationalizing their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.[
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The recognition heuristic
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If one of two objects is recognized and the other is not, then infer that the recognized object has the higher value with respect to the criterion.
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Central route
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persuasion: evaluate merits thoughtfully
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Peripheral Route
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persuasion: snap judgments
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Prejudice
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(attitudes)
-Evolutionary origins? -Adaptive conservatism -In-group bias -Out-group homogeneity |
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Discriminations
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(actions)
-reducing job opportunities -based on prejudices |
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In-group bias
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preferential treatment people give to whom they perceive to be members of their own groups.
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Out-group homogenity
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individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups.
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Stereotypes
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-Simplification of social world
-Nonprejudiced people try to resist them -Some may be partially accurate (e.g., women tend to be more talkative) -Result in ultimate attribution errors |
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Nomothetic approach
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focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviors of all individuals
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Idiographic Approach
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focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person (most case studies)
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Psychoanalytic theory
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-Freud believed mental illness was psychogenic rather than somatogenic
-Psychic determinism: -Symbolic meaning -Unconscious motivation |
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Psychic determinism
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all psychological events have a cause
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Symbolic meaning
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all actions are meaningful
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Unconscious motivation
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we rarely understand why we do things.
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Id
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basic instincts; the reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression
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Ego
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the boss; the psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
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Superego
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our sense of morality.
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Pleasure Principle
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the tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification
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Reality Principle
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the tendency off the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
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Repression
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motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
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Denial
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motivated forgetting or distressing external experiences
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Regression
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act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer age
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Reaction-formation
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transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
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Projection
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unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others.
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Rationalization
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providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures
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Intellectualization
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: avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts
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Identification with the aggressor
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process of adopting characteristic of people we find threatening (Stockholm syndrome)
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Sublimation
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transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
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Oral Stage
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(12-18 months): infants obtain sexual gratification by sucking and drinking
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Anal Stage
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(18 months- 3 years): focuses on toilet training
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Phallix Stage
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(3-6 years): focuses on
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Latency Stage
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(6-12 years): sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
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Genital Stage
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(12+): sexual impulses awaken and begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others.
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Inferiority complex
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feeling of inferiority that can lead to overcompensation
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Collective Unconscious
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shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us
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archetypes
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cross culturally universal emotional symbols
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Humanistic model of personality
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a. Self-actualization: the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
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Big Five Personality Traits
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traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analysis of personality measures
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Extraversion
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social and lively
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Neuroticism
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tense and moody
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Conscientiousness
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careful and responsible
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Agreeableness
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friendly, and easy to get along with
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openness
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intellectually curious
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MMPI
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widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
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Projective Tests
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consist of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret
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