Psychology Unit 2

Front 1

Central Nervous System

Back 1

-is the division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 2

-is the division of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Front 3

Hindbrain

Back 3

-area containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Front 4

Cerebellum

Back 4

-structure in the hindbrain that controls certain reflexes and coordinates the body's movements

Front 5

Midbrain

Back 5

-region between the hindbrain and the forebrain
-important for hearing, sight, one of several places where pain is registered

Front 6

Thalamus

Back 6

-forebrain region that relays and translates incoming messages from sense receptors, except for those of smell.

Front 7

Hypothalamus

Back 7

-forebrain region that governs motovation and emotional responses

Front 8

Reticular Formation (RF)

Back 8

-is a network of neurons in the hindbrain, the midbrain, and part of hte forebrain whose primary function is to alert and arouse the higher parts of the brain.

Front 9

Limbic System

Back 9

-is a ring of structures that play a role in learning and emotional behavior

Front 10

Cerebral Cortex

Back 10

-the outer surface of the two cerebral hemishperes that regulate most complex behaviors

Front 11

Association Areas

Back 11

-are areas of the cerebral cortex where incoming messages from the separate senses are combined into meaningful impressions and outgoing messages from the motor areas are integrated

Front 12

Occipital Lobe

Back 12

-part of the cerebral hemisphere that recieves and interpets visual information

Front 13

Temporal Lobe

Back 13

-part of the cerebr hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance, equilbrium, and certain motivations or emotions

Front 14

Partietal Lobe

Back 14

-part of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory information from throughout the body

Front 15

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Back 15

-is the area of the parietal lobe where messages from the sense receptors are registered

Front 16

Frontal Lobe

Back 16

-part of hte cerebral cortex that is responsible for volutary movement, attention, goal-directed behaviors, and appropriate emotional experiences

Front 17

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 17

-is the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

Front 18

Corpus Callosum

Back 18

-a thick band of nerve fibers connection the left and right hemispheres

Front 19

Spinal Chord

Back 19

-complex cable of neurons that runs down the spine, connecting the brain to most of the rest of the body.

Front 20

Psychobiology

Back 20

-is the area of psychology that focuses on the biological basis of behavior and mental processes

Front 21

Neuroscience

Back 21

-the study of the brain and the nervous system

Front 22

Neurons

Back 22

-individual cells that are the smallest units of the nervous system

Front 23

Dendrites

Back 23

-short fibers that branch out from the cell body and pick up incoming messages

Front 24

Axon

Back 24

-single long fiber extending from the cell body, carries outgoing messages

Front 25

Nerve (or tract)

Back 25

-group of axons bundled together

Front 26

Myeliin Sheath

Back 26

-a white fatty covering found on some axons

Front 27

Sensory (or afferent) neurons

Back 27

-are neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain

Front 28

Motor (or efferent) neurons

Back 28

-are neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to the muscles and glands

Front 29

Interneurons (or association neurons)

Back 29

-neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another

Front 30

Glial Cells (or glia)

Back 30

-are cells that form the myelin sheath, insulate and support neurons by holding them together, removing waste products, preventing harmful substances from passing into the brain from the bloodstream

Front 31

Ions

Back 31

-are electrically charged particles found both inside and outside the neuron

Front 32

Resting Potential

Back 32

-is the electrical charge across neuron membrane due to excess positive ions on the inside and excess negative ions on the outside

Front 33

Polarization

Back 33

-is the condition of a neuron when the inside is negatively charged relative to the outside (neuron is at rest)

Front 34

Neural Impusle (or action potential)

Back 34

-is the firing of a neuron

Front 35

Graded Potential

Back 35

-is a shift in the electrical charge in a tiny area of a neuron

Front 36

Threshold of Excitation

Back 36

-is the level an impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire

Front 37

All-or-none-law

Back 37

-is the principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength, neuron either fires or does not

Front 38

Absolute Refractory Period

Back 38

-is a period after firing when no matter how strong incoming messages are, a neuron will not fire

Front 39

Relative Refractory Period

Back 39

-is a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual

Front 40

Synaptic Space (or synaptic cleft)

Back 40

-is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the dendrites of the cell of the next neuron

Front 41

Terminal Button (or synaptic knob)

Back 41

-is a tructure at the end of an axon terminal branch

Front 42

Synapse

Back 42

-is an area composed of the axom terminal of one neuron, synaptic space, and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron

Front 43

Synaptic Vesicles

Back 43

-are tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into the synapse

Front 44

Neurotransmitters

Back 44

-are chemicals released by the synaptic vesicles

Front 45

Receptor Site

Back 45

-is a location on a receptor neuron

Front 46

Neural Plasticity

Back 46

-is the stability of the brain to change in response to the environment (experience and lack of)

Front 47

Neurogenesis

Back 47

-is the growth of new neurons

Front 48

Hippocampus

Back 48

-

Front 49

Amygdala

Back 49

-

Front 50

Pons

Back 50

-

Front 51

Medulla

Back 51

-

Front 52

Brainstem

Back 52

-

Front 53

Acetylcholine(ACh)

Back 53

-distributed widely throught the central nervous system, involved with arousal, attention memory, motivation, and movement. Involved in muscle action through presence at neuromuscular junctions. Degeneration of neurons that produce ACh have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. Too much can lead to spasms and tremors; too little, to paralysis or torpor

Front 54

Neuromuscular Junctions

Back 54

-a specialized type of synapse where neurons connect to muscle cells

Front 55

Dopamine

Back 55

-involved in a wide variety of behaviors and emotions, including pleasure. Implicated in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.

Front 56

Seratonin

Back 56

-involved in the regulation of sleep, dreaming, mood, eating, pain, nad aggressive behavior. Implicated in depression.

Front 57

Norepinephrine

Back 57

-affects arousal, wakefulness, learning, memory, and mood.

Front 58

Endorphins

Back 58

-involved in the inhibition of pain. Released during strenuous exercise. May be responsible for "runner's high"

Front 59

Glutamate

Back 59

-involved in long-term memory and the perception of pain

Front 60

GABA(Gamma aminobutyric acid)

Back 60

-a largely inhibitory neurotransmitter distributed widely throughout the central nervous system. Implicated in sleep and eating disorders. Low levels of GABA have also been linked to extreme anxiety

Front 61

What is the shape of the trachea and what is used as a landmark during bronchoscopy to indicate a posterior view?

Back 61

"D" shaped trachea with the flat musculo-membrane portion indicating posterior