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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Why do people conform? |
We want to be liked/accepted so we don't feel left out. We look at behaviour of others to guide us. |
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Why do people not help those in need? |
No reward, feel incapable, others could help more easily |
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What is obedience? |
Following an order, instruction or command which is given by a figure of authority. |
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What was Zimbardo's field study? |
He thought big cities were anonymous and wanted to compare that with a small town. He parked a car in each place with the bonnet up. City people instantly began to steal parts whereas in the small town the only the time car was touched was when someone put the bonnet down when it was raining. |
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Evaluate Pilavin's study |
Can't control all variables, no consent on debrief, high ecological validity. |
Collapsing on train |
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Evaluate Zimbardo's field study |
Good ecology validity, lack of informed consent. |
The one with the cars in two different places. |
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What is social loafing? |
Putting less effort into something when you are with others who are doing the same thing. |
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What was the study of Latane et al? |
Asked participants to shout and clap loudly on their own and then in groups of six. They wore headphones so they couldn't hear others. The larger the group the less noise the participants produced. |
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What factors affect deindividuation? |
Being able to hide one's identity, wearing a uniform, being part of a gang/group. |
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Evaluate Latane et al's study |
All from the same culture. Takes place in a lab. |
Clapping on own and in groups |
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What is deindividuation? |
When people lose their individuality and become less aware of their sense of responsibility. |
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What factors affect social loafing? |
Size of group, nature of task, culture you belong to. |
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How many participants in the Milgram obedience study 'killed' Mr Wallace? |
100% |
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What is the Milgram study? |
Participants were asked to take part in a 'learning experiment'. They were introduced to 'Mr Wallace' a confederate. It was fixed that the participant would be the teacher and Mr Wallace the learner. The learner was strapped to a chair and said he had a heart condition. A man in a lab coat told the teacher he had to shock Mr Wallace if he got an answer wrong. Prerecorded voice begged to stop until they're was silence as the voltage got higher. |
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What is social influence? |
The process by which our thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by other people. |
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What is bystander intervention? |
When a bystander helps someone in need. |
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What is conformity? |
A change in a person's behaviour or opinions due to group pressure. |
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What is bystander apathy? |
When a person doesn't help someone in need |
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What was Pilavin's study? |
Had an actor collapse on a train in different outfits. Walking stick was helped 70-90% of the time, ugly scar helped 60% of the time and drunk helped 20% of the time. |
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Explain Asch's study |
Put participant in a room with 7 confederates who agreed in advance what their responses would be. Participants believed the confederates were also participants. Asked to state which line was the same length as the target line, the answer was obvious. The participant gave his answer after four others and 1/3 of them conformed with the incorrect majority. |
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Evaluate the Milgram study |
Lacks ecological validity, good reliability, could cause psychological harm. |
Mr Wallace dying |
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What are the five reasons for obedience? |
1) Socialisation - taught from a young age 2) Legitimate authority - put faith in them 3) Gradual commitment - difficult to draw the line 4) Buffers - shielded from consequences 5) Not feeling responsible - doing as your told isn't your fault. |
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What are the biological explanations for aggression? |
The brain, hormones and chromasomes |
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What parts of the brain does aggression seem to be affected by? |
The limbic system and the prefrontal cortex |
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What is the study of Charles Whitman? |
Shot 14 people. Asked for autopsy after he died due to his aggressive outbursts. Had a tumour pressing against his limbic system. |
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What are the two hormones linked to aggression? |
Testosterone and seratonin |
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What kind of chromasome has been linked to aggression and why is it linked to it? |
XYY. This is due to a study in the 1960s which showed that there was a higher than normal proportion of men with XYY chromasomes who were violent offenders. |
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What is the psychodynamic explanation of aggression? |
Aggression is inate. We are born with it. |
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What is Thanatos? |
An unconscious natural drive which drives us towards self destruction. |
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What is an ego-defence mechanism? |
The way we protect ourselves from self destruction. |
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What are the two ego-defence mechanisms proposed by Freud? |
Displacement - being aggressive towards others. Sublimation - channelling aggression into acceptable activities. |
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What are the three reasons an individual may not show aggressive behaviour? |
Think it's wrong, learnt not to show aggression, frightened others would be aggressive towards them. |
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What is the social learning theory of aggression? |
Aggression is learned behaviour. (Observation, imitation, reinforcement) |
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What is the study of Bandura et al? |
Children aged between three and five watched an adult behave aggressively towards an inflatable 'Bobo Doll'. They were punished/praised for their behaviour. Children were then allowed to play with the doll. Females were less aggressive. The children copied same sex models or models who were praised. |
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What makes children more likely to imitate role models? |
Similar age/sex, attractive, powerful, caring, reinforced |
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What are the problems with biological studies? |
Many are done on animals rather than humans. |
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What are the problems with psychodynamic studies? |
If participants are 'violent offenders' it can't be generalised to the entire population. People lie. It is hard to standardise emotions. |
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What are the issues with SLT studies? |
Low ecological validity - manly lab experiments. Can be contradictory depending on sample. |
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What are the biological ways of reducing aggression? |
Using drugs. Having psychosurgery. |
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Why can punishment be an issue when it comes to aggression? |
If a child is hit/shouted at by a parent it can lead to the child behaving aggressively towards others. |
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What are three studies about development of aggression? |
Young et al - monkeys injected with testosterone Barker - made children wait to play with toys Liberton and Baron - violent TV vs sports game |
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What is the SLT way of reducing aggression? |
Having less aggressive role models. |
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Evaluate the biological methods for reducing aggression? |
Can cause ethical concerns, difficult to devise specific treatments, drugs may cause: drowsiness, inability to concentrate, loss of memory and appetite, could be more damaging than the original problem. |
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What is the psychodynamic way of reducing aggression? |
Sublimation |
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Evaluate the psychodynamic methods for reducing aggression |
Little evidence, suggests we can't control anything, theories conflict eachother, different events can get different responses. |
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Evaluate the SLT methods of reducing aggression |
Some children know when behaviours are wrong but will do them if they think there won't be a punishment. Difficult to explain ideas to children. |
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Evaluate the gender schema theory of gender development |
Lots of evidence which is detailed. Doesn't explain why some are more schematised than others, why it begins at two or why people chose same sex friends before development is complete. |
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What happened in Martin's study? |
Read a story to children about children playing with gender stereotyped toys. The children were then asked what toy they'd like to play with. Older children chose what they wanted buy younger ones complied yo their more rigid gender schemas. |
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How does media affect gender development? |
Creates syerotypes to weaken schemas. |
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What information does a gender schema contain? |
Behaviours, clothes, activities, personality traits and roles |
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What is a gender schema? |
A mental building blocks of knowledge about each gender. It is strengthened as we leant more about the world. |
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What are the processes involved in the SLT theory of gender development? |
Modelling, imitation and vicarious reinforcement |
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Evaluate the psychodynamic theory of gender development |
Difficult to test the unconcious mind. Increase in number of of single-parent households but not in homosexuality. Studies cannot be generalised. |
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What is Freud's theory of gender development in a lone-parent household? |
If a child is raised by one parent they won't experience the oedipus/electra complex and therefore cannot resolve it. Resulting in them becoming homosexual. |
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What is the study of little Hans? |
Hans is afraid of horses - falling off and getting bitten. Freud thought the horse represented his father as he had black around his mouth that resembled his beard and was going through the oedipus complex. Falling represents wishing his dad was dead. Being bitten represents fear of castration. |
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What are the oedipus and electra complexes? |
Freud believed that during the phallic stage of gender development a child is subconsciously attracted to the opposite sex parent and is jealous of the same sex parent. In order to deal with these anxieties they start to behave like the same sex parent. |
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What are Freud's sexual development stages? |
Oral: birth - 18 months Anal: 18 months - 3 years Phallic: 3 - 6 years Latency: 6 years - puberty Genital: puberty onwards |
Only adults played licking games |
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What are the three ways that our personality develops according to Freud? |
ID - At birth. Basic instincts 'I want' EGO - At 3 years old. Can't have everything. Realistic problem solving. 'Think about' SUPER EGO - At 6 years old. Moral part of personality. 'If it's wrong to' |
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What is identification? |
Adopting the ideas of another person. |
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How can gender be identified? |
The way someone acts, dresses or speaks. |
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What is gender? |
A psychological term that refers to the expected attitudes and behaviour of males and females. |
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What is sex? |
A biological term. A child is either male or female. Identified at birth by hormones and chromasomes. |
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What is the Reker and Moray study? |
Researched 46 boys with gender identify problems. 75% didn't have a stable father figure. |
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What happens in a Skinner box? |
The box contains a lever that the animal can manipulate,she it's pressed something happens (e.g food is dispensed, floor is electrocuted) the animal then learns to associate the lever with the reward. |
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What is a phobia? |
A phobia is when a fear response is to something that may cause little or no danger. |
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What causes a phobia? |
A scary event in the past. Initiation of someone else reacting badly. |
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What are the two treatments for phobias? |
Flooding and systematic desensitisation |
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What is systematic desensitisation? |
A treatment for phobias in which the person is taught to relax and I'd then gradually exposed to the fear. You cannot be relaxed and scared at the same time. Based on a hierarchy of fear. |
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What is flooding? |
A treatment for phobias that involved the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object, activity or event until there is no fear response. |
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What are the ethical concerns about flooding? |
Person loses their right to withdraw. Stressful procedure. Difficult to avoid harm. |
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What are the ethical implications of systematic desensitisation? |
More expensive. May be multiple sessions so the person is in control but this costs more. Person may not want to be treated in the end and it will be a waste of time. |
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What is aversion therapy? |
Used as a treatment for addictions. Makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the substance. The addict learns to associate the behaviour with something unpleasant. |
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What are the issues with aversion therapy? |
Some people go back to the bad behaviour anyway. If the pairing doesn't continental the association can be extinguished. Very unpleasant for the patient. |
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What is token economy? |
Where people rewarded to patients when they use socially acceptable behaviour. Rewards may include money, food or watching TV. Used in prisons. |
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What is the problem with token economy? |
Reward has to be immediate. Criticised because the patient only focuses on the reward not the behaviour changed. Change may not last. |
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What is classical conditioning? |
A learning process when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. A response which was initially caused by the second stimulus will then be caused by the first one. |
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What is operant conditioning? |
Where things are reinforced or punished so people associate that behaviour with that outcome. |
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What is Pavlov's dogs? |
Pavlov gave his dogs food after ringing a bell. After a few repetitions the dogs started to salivate when they heard the bell ring. |
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