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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Achievement Motive |
Stable personality characteristic that reflects the tendency to strive for success |
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Attribution |
Cause assigned to behavior |
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Collective Interdependence |
Connection to others derived from group membership |
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Entity theory (of competence) |
Belief that competence is due to fixed ability and cannot be changed |
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Expectancy/Value Model of Achievement |
Theory that achievement-related choices are a function of our expectancy for success and our value of the area |
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External Attribution |
Cause assigned to a behavior that originates in the environment |
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Fear of Success |
Association of negative consequences with achievement |
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Independent self-construal |
Sense of self based on independence, individualization, and separations from others |
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Interdependent self-construal |
Sense of self based on connection to others |
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Internal attribution |
Cause assigned to a behavior that originates within the person |
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Relational interdependence |
Emphasis on close relationships |
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Self-serving bias |
The tendency to assign internal attribution for success and external attributions for failure |
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Stable Attribution |
Cause for a behavior that does not change over time |
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Stereotype Threat |
Theory that activating the female stereotype hinders women's performance |
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Unstable attribution |
Cause for a behavior that may change with time, day, or place |
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Egoistic Dominance |
Interaction style characterized by verbal aggression that intends to demonstrate superiority over other participants in the interaction |
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Expectations States Theory |
States that group members from expectations about their own and others' abilities, which influence the nature of interactions |
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Minimal Response |
Response that encourages the speaker to continue, such as "uh-huh" or "okay" |
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Negative Social Behavior |
Behavior during group interaction that could harm a relationship, such as disagreement and provoking conflict |
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Positive Social Behavior |
Social behaviors engaged in during group interactions that are intended to maintain group harmony |
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Pro-social dominance |
Interaction style characterized by providing instruction or assistance that intends to foster connection between those involved in the interaction |
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Relational Aggression |
Aggressive interaction behavior usually expressed by girls that is characterized by social alienation tactics such as excluding someone from an activity or threatening not to be a person's friend anymore. |
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Task Behavior |
Social behavior, such as asking questions and offering suggestions, which is directed toward achieving a specific goal |
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Audience Challenge |
Concern that cross-sex friends have about how their relationship is viewed by others |
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Autonomy Versus Contentedness |
Conflict encountered by friends at work when the regular exposure to one another require by the work relationship begins to interfere with individual feelings of autonomy |
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Co-rumination |
Discussing problems repeatedly |
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Dispositional level of analysis |
Emphasizes the characteristics of the person as a determinant of friendship |
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Emotional bond challenge |
Challenge faced by cross-sex friendship whereby the friends must decide if the closeness they feel toward one another is friendship or romantic love |
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Equality Challenge |
Challenge faced by cross-sex friendships because the equality central to friendship conflicts with the status hierarchy typically associated with male/female relationships. |
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Homophily |
The tendency to form friendships with persons of the same race or ethnicity |
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Homophobia |
Fear of homosexuality or fear of appearing homosexual |
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Impartiality Vs Favoritism |
Situation encountered by friends at work when the desire to give a friend special treatment conflicts with the necessity to treat all workers the same |
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Judgement Vs Acceptance |
Difficulty experienced by friends at work when the mutual acceptance expected of friendship conflicts with the requirement that one friend critically evaluate the other |
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Openness Vs Closedness |
Situation encountered by friends t work when the expectation of the honest communication central to friendship conflicts with the necessity to keep personal confidences |
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Opportunity Challenge |
Difficulty experienced when attempting to establish a cross-sex friendship that results from the fact that members of the same sex are generally more accessible |
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Out group Homogeneity Effect |
The tendency to see members of the out-group as all alike, more similar than different, as compared to the in-group to which one attributes greater diversity |
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Role Conflict |
Situation that occurs when the demands of one role are inconsistent with the demands of another role |
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Sexual Challenge |
Challenge faced by cross-sexed friendship whereby the friends must ask themselves if there is a sexual attraction between them that could lead to a romantic relationship |
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Structural Level of Analysis |
Emphasizes the different positions or roles men and women hold in a society as a determent of friendship |
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Agape |
Pure love, a blend of euros and storge |
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Demand/withdraw pattern |
Interaction episode characterized by one person demanding and the other person not responding or withdrawing |
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Equity |
State of relationship in which the ratio of what one puts in and gets out of a relationship equals that of the partner |
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Emotional Transmission |
Situation in which one person's emotions influence another persons emotions |
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Evolutionary Theory |
Theory which states that social behavior is shaped by survival of genes |
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Eros |
Romantic Love |
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Ludas |
Game-playing love |
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Mania |
Manic love, a blend of storage and ludus |
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Pragma |
Practical love, a blend of storage and ludus |
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Script |
Schema or cognitive representation for a sequence of events |
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Social constructionist theory |
Theory states that women's and men's behavior is determined by the context in which they are in, which includes the norms or rules of society |
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Social Exchange Theory |
Theory that relationhip satisfaction is partly a function of the rewards and costs in the relationship |
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Social Role Theory |
Theory that states men's and women's behavior is a function of the roles they hold in society |
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Storge |
Friendship love |
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Android Obesity |
Extra weight around the abdomen -Commonly seen in men |
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Artifacts |
Confounding variables that lead sex differences to appear that do not really exist |
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Body Mass Index (BMI) |
Measure of obesity that takes into consideration the ratio of weight to height |
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Cardiovascular Reactivity |
Increase in blood pressure and heart rate that occurs when engaging in a challenging or stressful task |
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Chronic Illness |
Disease or condition characterized by persistent health problems that may be treated or controlled but not cured |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery |
Treatment for heart disease in which arteries taken from a person's leg or chest are used to bypass blockages in the arteries that supply blood to the heart |
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Field Role Obligations |
Responsibilities specific to one's defining roles that are structured and difficult to reschedule |
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Gynoid Obesity |
Extra weight around the hips -Usually seen in women |
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Health Behavior |
Activities that either promote good health or contribute to bad health |
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Illness Behavior |
Condition of labeling a symptom as illness and responding to it as such; adopting the "sick role" |
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Morbidity |
Presence of an illness or disease |
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Mortality |
Death rate |
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Nurturant Role Hypothesis |
Supposition that women's role require them to attend the needs of others, which results in fatigue, exposure to illness, and not taking care of oneself when sick |
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Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) |
Procedure in which a catheter with a balloon attached to it is inserted into a diseased blood vessel. As the balloon is inflated, the plaque is pressed against the walls of the artery allowing for improved blood flow |
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Sick Role Hypothesis |
Suggestion that sex differences in using medical care are due to women's greater tendency than men to adopt the "sick role" |
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Thrombolytic Therapy |
Treatment of heart disease employing drugs that dissolve blood clots and reestablishing blood flow |
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Buffering effects
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Link of social support to health only under conditions of high stress
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Functional measures (of support)
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Qualitative dimensions of support, such as the type of support offered by network members
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Gender tension line
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Point at which one feels uncomfortable with the adoption of some aspect of the other gender role
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Intimate terrorism
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Violence on the part of men that stems from their attempts to control women.
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Main effects
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Direct link of social support to health, regardless of level of stress.
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Marital rape exemption clause
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Clause that once appeared in state definitions of rape that excluded forced intercourse withone’s wife
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Marital selection hypothesis
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Suggestion that healthier people are “selected” into marriage
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Prospective design
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Research method in which the dependent variable (e.g., health) is measured before and after exposure to the independent variable (e.g., widowhood).
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Situational couple violence
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Occasional episodes of violent behavior on the part of husbands and wives that are precipitated by stressful events.
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Structural measures (of support)
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Quantitative dimensions of support, such as the size of a social network or the number of social relations.
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Access discrimination
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Situation in which an individual is not offered a given job or is offered a lesser job because of some defining characteristic (e.g., sex)
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Comparable worth policy
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States that men and women in different jobs should be paid the same wage for comparable work.
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Demand-side theory
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Explanation for the wage gap that emphasizes the different ways men and women are treated.
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Denial of disadvantage
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Condition in which women perceive that discrimination exists but deny that they personally are victims of it.
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Differential exposure hypothesis
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Proposition that men and women possess different roles, which are associated with different stressors and different resources.
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Differential vulnerability hypothesis
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Proposition that a specific role has different effects on men’s and women’s health.
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Glass ceiling
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Label applied to barriers to the advancement of women and minorities in organizations.
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Glass escalator
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Term referring to the ability of men to be promoted quickly when they take positions in traditionally female fields
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Hostile environment
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Type of sexual harassment in which one person is creating a hostile, intimidating work environment for another.
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Human capital accumulation theory
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A job and the salary associated with the job are functions of the person’s characteristics or “human capital,” such as skills, experience, and education (see supply-side theory).
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Marital bonus
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Increase in income granted to men who are married and/or have children compared to men who are single.
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Maternal wall
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Employer’s devaluation and limitation of job opportunities of female employees when they become parents.
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Norms
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Expectations for behavior.
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Pay disparity
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Type of treatment discrimination in which women are paid less than men for doing comparable work.
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Quid pro quo
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Type of sexual harassment in which one person offers work benefits or threatens work repercussions in exchange for sexual favors.
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Role
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Position in society governed by a set of norms.
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Role conflict
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Condition in which the demands of one role are at odds with the demands of another role.
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Role expansion hypothesis
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Idea that benefits are to be gained from having diverse roles.
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Role overload
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Condition that arises when time limitations create difficulties in fulfilling obligations for one’s roles.
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Role scarcity hypothesis
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Idea that multiple roles will have a negative effect on health because time and resources are limited and additional roles tap resources.
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Role spillover
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The idea that the effects of enacting one role spill over or affect how one enacts another role.
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Salary estimation effect
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The assumption that jobs inhabited by men pay more than jobs inhabited by women.
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Selection effect
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Potential for healthier people to choose certain roles, which then leads to difficulties in determining whether those roles influence health.
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Sex-role spillover theory
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Suggestion that expectations about men’s and women’s roles carry over to the workplace when they are not appropriate or are irrelevant.
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Supply-side theory
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Explanation for the wage gap that emphasizes the different characteristics of male and female workers.
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Treatment discrimination
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Situation in which an individual receives a reduced salary or reduced opportunities for promotion compared to other individuals having the same job.
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Anorexia nervosa
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Eating disorder characterized by the continual pursuit of thinness, a distorted body image, and refusal to maintain a weight that is more than 85% of what is considered normal for the person’s age and height.
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Binge eating disorder
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Eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating without purging or fasting.
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Body objectification
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The experience of one’s body being treated as an object to be evaluated and used by others.
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Bulimia nervosa
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Eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by purging via vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas, and/or exercising.
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Clinical depression
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Another name for major depressive disorder, the critical feature of which is that the person must have experienced a set of depressive symptoms for a period no shorter than two weeks.
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Different cause theory
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Suggestion that there are different causes of girls’ and boys’ depression and the cause of girls’ depression increases during adolescence.
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Differential exposure
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Idea that men and women are exposed to a different number of or kinds of stressors.
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Differential item functioning
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Idea that some items are more likely to be associated with a trait, such as depression, among men versus women
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Differential vulnerability
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Idea that certain stressors are more strongly linked to distress in one sex than the other.
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Emotion-focused coping
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Approach to stressful situations in which individuals attempt to accommodate themselves to the stressor.
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Gender intensification
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Gender roles becoming salient during adolescence, causing boys and girls to adhere more strongly to these roles.
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Interactive theory
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Suggestion that being female always poses a risk for depression and the events of adolescence activate that risk.
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Learned helplessness
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Learning that our actions are independent of outcomes, which then leads us to stop responding (give up) in other situations.
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Precipitating factors
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Environmental events that trigger the emergence of a disorder (e.g., depression).
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Problem-focused coping
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Approach to stressful situations in which we attempt to alter the stressor itself.
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Psychological reactance
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Reaction to a perceived threat to control that involves doing the opposite of what is demanded.
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Relative coping
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Likelihood that men or women use one coping strategy compared to another strategy.
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Same cause theory
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Suggestion that the same factor could cause depression in both men and women, but the factor increases during adolescence only for girls.
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Susceptibility factors
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Innate, usually biological, factors that place one group (e.g., women) at greater risk for a disorder (e.g., depression) than another group.
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