Psychology Test 5

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may have psychological disorder if any of these criteria are met, though usually meet more than one

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deviance
maladaptive behavior
personal distress

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deviance

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does the person's behavior fall outside the normal range of behavior?

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maladaptive behavior

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does the person's behavior interfere with personal & social adaptation?

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personal distress

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does the behavior cause personal anguish or discomfort?

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Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, IV

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classification system published by APA; lists over 200 psychological disorders; used to diagnose psychological disorders by assessing specific symptoms & matching them to certain criteria

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diathesis-stress model

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inherited biological predisposition + environmental stressors = disorder

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biopsychosocial approach

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disorders are product of biological influences, psychological influences, & social-cultural influences

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anxiety disorders

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class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension & anxiety; very common

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types of anxiety disorders

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Phobic Disorder
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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generalized anxiety disorder

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marked by chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to any specific threat

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common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder

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- feel on edge, tense
- fatigue, sleep disturbances
- difficulty concentrating
- irritability
- physical symptoms

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onset of generalized anxiety disorder

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gradually in childhood or adolescence, but can begin in adulthood; more common in women

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phobic disorder

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persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no real threat; accompanied by increased physiological arousal

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panic disorder

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characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly & unexpectedly

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symptoms of panic attack

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- pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness
- may fear losing control or dying
- may mistake it for heart attack

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agoraphobia

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fear of public spaces due to fear of having attack in public

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onset of panic disorder

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usually develops in late adolescence or early adulthood; more common in women

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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consists of persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts & urges to engage in senseless rituals

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obsessions

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persistent, recurring irrational thoughts, impulses, or images

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compulsions

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irresistible impulses to perform over & over some senseless behavior or ritual

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onset of OCD

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late adolescence, early adulthood

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post-traumatic stress disorder

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condition in which long term psychological disturbances occur due to traumatic event, which can be anything extremely painful, frightening, or life-threatening

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common symptoms of PTSD

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reliving event; feeling detached, emotionally numb; intense fear, anxiety, anger, guilt; social problems/withdrawal

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mood disorders

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class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances

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types of mood disorders

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major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder

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major depressive disorder

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consists of persistent feelings of sadness, despair, disinterest in pleasurable activities; has emotional, cognitive, & physical symptoms

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onset of major depressive disorder

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any point but mostly before 40; very common disorder; adult women twice as likely to suffer

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episodic

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comes & goes throughout lifespan

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median length of episode

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5 months

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75-95% of people with depression

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will have more than 1 episode

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bipolar disorder

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aka manic-depression; marked by extreme mood swings, including both depressive & manic episodes

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episodes of mania

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abnormally elevated mood; irritability; inflated self-esteem; impulsivity; physical agitation

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onset of bipolar disorder

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late adolescence, most common in '20s; equally common in males & females

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somatoform disorders

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class of disorders marked by physical ailments that are largely due to psychological factors; often also suffer from depression, anxiety disorders

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types of somatoform disorders

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somatization disorder
conversion disorder
hypochondrias

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somatization disorder

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history of diverse physical complaints w/ no known physical cause; symptoms are caused by psychological factors & are varied, affecting many areas of the body

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onset of somatization disorder

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typically in adulthood; more likely in women

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conversion disorder

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loss of physical functioning, usually in one bodily system, w/o apparent physical cause; usually follows stressful/traumatic event

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conversion disorder is discovered when...

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symptoms don't conform to normal illness patterns

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hypochondrias

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excessive preoccupation w/ health & worry about illness; over-analyze normal sensations & minor physical complaints; equal in men & women

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dissociative disorders

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class of disorders involving disruption in person's identity & memory

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types of dissociative disorders

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Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder

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dissociative amnesia

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sudden loss of memory for important personal info

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dissociative fugue

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sudden loss of memory for entire life & identity; often followed by fleeing to new place & assuming new identity

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dissociative identity disorder

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aka multiple personality disorder; presence of 2 or more distinct identities; often suffered abuse as children

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schizophrenic disorders

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class of disorders involving delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, & other maladaptive behavior

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affect...

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~1% of U.S population; men & women equally

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general symptoms of schizophrenia

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- delusions
- disorganized speech
- hallucinations
- disturbed emotions

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delusions

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false beliefs maintained even though they are irrational

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delusions of persecution

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think that people are trying to poison them

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delusions of grandeur

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think that they are famous

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disorganized speech

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speech is incoherent, nonsensical

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hallucinations

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perceptions of something that is not real; most common = auditory

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4 subtypes of schizophrenia

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paranoid schizo
disorganized schizo
catatonic schizo
undifferentiated schizo

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paranoid schizophrenia

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marked by delusions of persecution & grandeur

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disorganized schizophrenia

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marked by severe deterioration of adaptive behavior; emotional disturbances, incoherence

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catatonic schizophrenia

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marked my motor disturbances; rigidity, mutism, incoherence

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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marked my mixture of symptoms

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onset of schizophrenia

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often begins in late adolescence/early adulthood; may be sudden or gradual

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15% of U.S adults

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use mental health services each year

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more likely to use mental health services

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women; more educated

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only ~50% people in treatment

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meet criteria of disorder

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insight therapies

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involve verbal interactions intended to in enhance clients' self-knowledge & promote healthful changes in personality & behavior; client & therapist talk to each other; client gradually steered toward greater understanding of self

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insight therapies assume

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that having deeper understanding of oneself, examining motivations of behavior relieves mental distress

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examples of insight therapy

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psychoanalysis
client centered therapy
group therapy

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psychoanalysis

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emphasizes recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, & defenses; used to treat anxiety caused by unconscious conflict; therapist must access unconscious mind

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free association

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client spontaneously expresses thoughts/feelings with no censorship

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dream analysis

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therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of client's dreams

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client centered therapy

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emphasizes providing supportive emotional climate for clients; client & therapist seen as equals

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group therapy

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simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group; clients discuss problems, experiences, coping strategies; therapist keeps group unity

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behavior therapies

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involve using learning principles to change client's maladaptive behaviors; assume maladaptive behavior is learned so it can be "un-learned"

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examples of behavior therapies

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Systematic Desensitization
flooding
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Systematic Desensitization

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anxiety hierarchy is gradually confronted to reduce phobic reactions

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Systematic Desensitization process

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1. create anxiety hierarchy
2. learn relaxation techniques
3. begin gradually going through imaginary scenes on hierarchy until they no longer create panic
4. eventually more on to real anxiety provoking object/situation

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flooding

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exposure to feared object or situation in large doses; client is prevented from avoiding the experience; idea is that eventually anxiety will be extinguished

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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combination of verbal & behavioral techniques used to change maladaptive thought processes; assume that irrational thought processes can be cause of mental distress & disorders

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biomedical therapies

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physiological interventions that reduce symptoms associated w/ psychological disorders; assume psychological disorders are caused by biological malfunctions

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examples of biomedical therapies

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drug treatment
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

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4 major classes of drugs

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- anti-anxiety drugs
- antipsychotic drugs
- antidepressant drugs
- mood stabilizers

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anti-anxiety drugs

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reduce tensions, apprehension, & nervousness; work very quickly, last a few hours

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antipsychotic drugs

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gradually reduce psychotic symptoms including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions; reduces symptoms in ~70% of patients; gradual improvement

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Tardive Dyskinesia (~20-30%)

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side effect of antipsychotic drugs; neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing & tic like movement of mouth, tongue, hands, and feet; can be permanent

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antidepressant drugs

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gradually elevate mood to normal levels; need about 2-6 weeks to start working

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mood stabilizers

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drugs used to control mood swings; need a few weeks to start working

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ECT

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electric shock used to produce cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions; mild electric current passed through brain & causes brief seizure; typically done over 6-20 sessions

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social psychology

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interested in how individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others

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person perception

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process of forming impressions of others

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more attractive people...

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judged more interesting, intelligent, socially skilled, more competent

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social schemas

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organized clusters of ideas about social events & people; allow us to process info & react quickly; allow us to store & remember info more easily

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stereotypes

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widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics b/c of membership in a group; typically automatic; not always negative

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generalizing that entire group of people is the same =

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ignoring diversity within group

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prejudice

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negative attitude toward members of a group; thoughts

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discrimination

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behaving differently towards members of a certain group; actions

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attributions

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inferences that people draw about the causes of events & behavior; have strong need to understand causes of events

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internal-external dimension

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- internal: explanations based on internal personal dispositions
- external: explanations based on external situational factors

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stability dimension

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- unstable: temporary, able to change
- stable: permanent, unable to change

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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tendency to make internal attributions when explaining other people's behavior

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self-serving bias

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tendency to attribute your successes to internal causes & failures to external causes

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conformity

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occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure

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Asch's experiment

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people give obviously wrong answer to conform to group on ~37% of trials

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social norms

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unwritten but understood rules of a culture about how to act in that society

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obedience

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occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in position of authority

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Stanley Milgram

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famous study on obedience; shocking for wrong answers

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Bystander Effect

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people less likely to provide help when in groups than when alone

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Informational Influence Theory

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use reactions of others to judge seriousness of situation; if others take no action, conclude no emergency exists

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Diffusion of Responsibility Theory

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in presence of others, individuals feel less personal responsibility to do something; more anonymous people feel, less likely they will help

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group

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2 or more individuals who interact & are inter-independent

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social loafing

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reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work alone