Psychology Test #3

Front 1

sensation (KNOW)

Back 1

the detection of the elementary properties of a stimulus; ex: brightness, color, warmth

Front 2

perception (KNOW)

Back 2

the detection of the more-complex properties of a stimulus, including its location and nature; involves learning; ex: recognition of objects

Front 3

transduction (KNOW)

Back 3

the conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of receptor cells of sensory organs

Front 4

receptor cell (KNOW)

Back 4

a neuron that directly responds to a physical stimulus, such as light, vibrations, or aromatic molecules

Front 5

two kinds of sensory coding

Back 5

anatomical coding and temporal coding

Front 6

anatomical coding

Back 6

a means by which the nervous system represents information; different features are coded by the activity of different neurons

Front 7

temporal coding

Back 7

a means by which the nervous system represents information; different features are coded by the pattern of activity of neurons

Front 8

psychophysics

Back 8

a branch of psychology that measures the quantitative relation between physical stimuli and perceptual experience

Front 9

just-noticeable difference (jnd)/difference threshold

Back 9

the smallest difference between two similar stimuli that can be distinguished

Front 10

Weber fraction

Back 10

the ratio between a just-noticeable difference and the magnitude of a stimulus; reasonably constant over the middle range of most stimulus intensities

Front 11

threshold

Back 11

the point at which a stimulus, or a change in the value of a stimulus, can just be detected

Front 12

absolute threshold

Back 12

the minimum value of a stimulus that can be detected

Front 13

signal-detection theory

Back 13

a mathematical theory of the detection of stimuli, which involves discriminating a signal from the noise in which it is embedded and which takes into account subjects' willingness to report detecting the signal

Front 14

receiver-operating-characteristic curve (ROC curve)

Back 14

a graph of hits and false alarms of subjects under different motivational conditions; indicates people's ability to detect a particular stimulus

Front 15

physical dimensions of color/perceptual dimensions of color (KNOW)

Back 15

wavelength, intensity, and purity/hue, brightness, and saturation

Front 16

wavelength (KNOW)

Back 16

length of oscillation of light radiation; the distance between adjacent waves of radiant energy

Front 17

intensity (KNOW)

Back 17

amount of energy of light radiation

Front 18

purity (KNOW)

Back 18

intensity of dominant wavelength relative to total light energy

Front 19

cornea

Back 19

the transparent tissue covering the front of the eye

Front 20

sclera

Back 20

the tough outer layer of the eye; the "white" of the eye

Front 21

iris

Back 21

the pigmented muscle of the eye that controls the size of the pupil

Front 22

lens

Back 22

the transparent organ situated behind the iris of the eye; helps focus an image on the retina

Front 23

retina (KNOW)

Back 23

the tissue at the back inside surface of the eye that contains the photoreceptors and associated neurons; visual information proceeds from the retina to the thalamus and then to the primary visual cortex

Front 24

accommodation (KNOW)

Back 24

changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

Front 25

photoreceptor

Back 25

a receptive cell for vision in the retina; a rod or a cone

Front 26

rod

Back 26

a photoreceptor that is very sensitive to light, but cannot detect changes in hue
1) respond to low-level lighting
2) night vision
3) not good with details
4) none in fovea

Front 27

cone

Back 27

a photoreceptor that is responsible for acute daytime vision and for color perception
1) great acuity
2) respond to high illumination
3) color and details
4) high concentration in fovea

Front 28

optic disk

Back 28

a circular structure located at the exit point from the retina of the axons of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve

Front 29

retina's three principal layers (KNOW)

Back 29

light passes successively through the ganglion cell layer (front), bipolar cell layer (middle), and photoreceptor layer (back)

Front 30

bipolar cell

Back 30

a neuron in the retina that receives information from photoreceptors and passes it on to the ganglion cells, from which axons proceed through the optic nerves to the brain

Front 31

ganglion cell

Back 31

a neuron in the retina that receives information from photoreceptors by means of biploar cells, and from which axons proceed through the optic nerves to the brain

Front 32

nearsightedness

Back 32

the eye is too long

Front 33

farsightedness

Back 33

eye is too short

Front 34

normal sight

Back 34

image is perfectly focused on the fovea

Front 35

fovea

Back 35

a small pit near the center of the retina containing densely packed cones; responsible for the most acute and detailed vision

Front 36

photopigment

Back 36

a complex molecule found in photoreceptors; when struck by light, it splits apart and stimulates the membrane of the photoreceptor in which it resides

Front 37

Rhodopsin (KNOW)

Back 37

the photopigment contained by rods

Front 38

transduction of light by photoreceptors (KNOW)

Back 38

1) photon strikes photopigment
2) photopigment splits, chemical reaction produces message
3) message is transmitted to bipolar cells
4) bipolar cells transmit message to ganglion cells
5) message is sent from ganglion cells to axons which proceed through the optic nerves to the brain

Front 39

dark adaptation (KNOW)

Back 39

the process by which the eye becomes capable of distinguishing dimly illuminated objects after going from a bright region to a dark one

Front 40

3 types of eye movements

Back 40

vergence, saccadic, and pursuit

Front 41

conjugate/vergence movement

Back 41

the cooperative movement of the eyes, which ensures that the image of an object falls on identical portions of both retinas

Front 42

saccadic movement (KNOW)

Back 42

the rapid movement of the eyes that is used in scanning a visual scene, as opposed to the smooth pursuit movements used to follow a moving object

Front 43

pursuit movement (KNOW)

Back 43

the movement that the eyes make to maintain an image upon the fovea

Front 44

hue (KNOW)

Back 44

a perceptual dimension of color, most closely related to the wavelength of a pure light. The effect of a particular hue is caused by the mixture of lights of various wavelengths

Front 45

brightness (KNOW)

Back 45

a perceptual dimension of color, most closely related to the intensity or degree of radiant energy emitted by a visual stimulus

Front 46

saturation (KNOW)

Back 46

a perceptual dimension of color, most closely associated with purity of color

Front 47

additive color mixing

Back 47

the perception of two or more lights of different wavelengths seen together as light of an intermediate wavelength; ex: light

Front 48

subtractive color mixing

Back 48

two or more colors mix; some wavelengths are absorbed; ex: paints and pigments

Front 49

trichromatic theory (KNOW)

Back 49

the theory that color vision is accomplished by three types of photodetectors, each of which is maximally sensitive to a different wavelength of light

Front 50

OPSONS

Back 50

photopigment in cones

Front 51

3 types of cones (KNOW)

Back 51

blue-violet, green, and yellow-green; referred to as red, blue, and green (they combine to give the range of the human visual spectrum)

Front 52

opponent process

Back 52

the representation of colors by the rate of firing of two types of neurons: red/green and yellow/blue; ex: the more active R becomes, the less active G is as together they equal 1

Front 53

negative afterimage

Back 53

the image seen after a portion of the retina is exposed to an intense visual stimulus; a negative afterimage consists of colors complementary to those of the physical stimulus

Front 54

opponent process theory

Back 54

two types of ganglion cells encode for color

Front 55

achromatopsia

Back 55

loss of color vision usually resulting from damage to the brain (tip of the visual cortex in the occipital lobe); can be caused by hypoxia or mercury poisoning

Front 56

defects of color vision more common in...

Back 56

males, as photopigments are coded for X chromosomes

Front 57

protanopia (KNOW)

Back 57

a form of hereditary anomalous color vision; caused by defective "red" cones in the retina filled with green pigment

Front 58

deuteranopia

Back 58

a form of hereditary anomalous color vision; caused by defective "green" cones in the retina

Front 59

tritanopia

Back 59

a form of hereditary anomalous color vision; caused by a lack of "blue" cones in the retina

Front 60

hertz (HZ)

Back 60

the primary measure of the frequency of vibration of sound waves; cycles per second

Front 61

physical/perceptual dimensions of sound waves

Back 61

amplitude (intensity), frequency, and complexity/loudness, pitch, and timbre

Front 62

timbre (KNOW)

Back 62

a perceptual dimension of sound that corresponds to its complexity

Front 63

ossicles

Back 63

the three bones of the middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup OR malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit acoustical vibrations from the eardrum to the membrane behind the oval window of the cochlea

Front 64

cochlea

Back 64

a snail-shaped chamber set in bone in the inner ear, where audition takes place

Front 65

oval window

Back 65

an opening n the bone surrounding the cochlea. The stirrup presses against a membrane behind the oval window and transmits sound vibrations into fluid within the cochlea

Front 66

basilar membrane (KNOW)

Back 66

a membrane that divides the cochlea of the inner ear into two compartments. The receptive organ for audition resides here.
1) holds the auditory receptor cells
2) varies in stiffness and thickness
3) responds to sound waves
4) place coded --> high frequency close to the oval window (narrow/stiffer); low frequency near the end (wider/more flexible)

Front 67

pinna

Back 67

the flesh-covered cartilage attached to the side of the head

Front 68

eardrum

Back 68

a thin, flexible membrane that vibrates back and forth in response to sound waves and passes these vibrations on to the receptor cells in the inner ear

Front 69

5 membranes

Back 69

tympanic membrane, basilar membrane, oval window, round window, tectorial membrane

Front 70

tectorial membrane

Back 70

a membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move

Front 71

round window

Back 71

an opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea. Movements of the membrane behind this opening permit vibrations to be transmitted through the oval window into the cochlea

Front 72

tympanic membrane

Back 72

(eardrums) the first membrane encountered by the sound waves

Front 73

transduction in hearing (KNOW)

Back 73

1) sound waves encounter the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
2) they pound on the ossicles
3) the stapes (stirrup) pounds on the membrane behind the oval window
4) this creates pressure changes in the fluid within the cochlea (endolymph which surrounds the basilar membrane), putting the fluid in motion
5) as fluid cannot be compressed, it makes the round window bulge
6) the basilar membrane vibrates, stretching throughout the cochlea
7) hair cells embedded in the stiff/rigid tectorial membrane move as they are also attached to the basilar membrane
8) the hair cells bend as the fluid rocks
9) this bending makes the channels open
10) changes membrane potential
11) neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic receptor
12) axons of the auditory nerve begin carrying messages to the primary auditory cortex

Front 74

auditory hair cell

Back 74

the sensory neuron of the auditory system; located on the basilar membrane

Front 75

cilium (pl: cilia)

Back 75

a hairlike appendage of a cell; involved in movement or in transducing sensory information. Cilia are found on the receptors in the auditory and vestibular system.

Front 76

tonotopically

Back 76

specific sound frequencies are received by specific receptors in the inner ear with nerve impulses traveling along selected pathways to specific sites in the brain

Front 77

semicircular canals (KNOW)

Back 77

a set of organs in the inner ear that responds to rotational movements of the head; 3 canals which represent the x, y, and z dimensions of space; they contain endolymph and hair cells; they send vestibular information to the brain

Front 78

endolymph

Back 78

the fluid surrounding the basilar membrane

Front 79

cochlear implant

Back 79

an electronic device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable a deaf person to hear

Front 80

fundamental frequency

Back 80

the lowest, and usually most intense frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound's basic pitch

Front 81

overtone

Back 81

a component of a complex tone; one of a series of tones whose frequency is a multiple of the fundamental frequency

Front 82

place coding

Back 82

high frequency and medium frequency send vibrations to the basilar membrane

Front 83

two systems in hearing

Back 83

low frequency --> difference in arrival time
high frequency --> difference in intensity

Front 84

chemosenses (KNOW)

Back 84

the two sense modalities (gustation and olfaction) that detect the presence of particular molecules present in the environment

Front 85

gustation

Back 85

the sense of taste

Front 86

papilla

Back 86

a small bump on the tongue that contains a group of taste buds

Front 87

taste bud

Back 87

a small organ on the tongue that contains a group of gustatory receptor cells

Front 88

umami

Back 88

the taste sensation produced by glutamate; identifies the presence of amino acids in foods

Front 89

the 5 qualities of taste

Back 89

bitterness (alkaline), sourness (acidity, free floating H ions), sweetness (sugary substances), saltiness (NaCl), Umami (amino acids like glutamate)

Front 90

olfaction

Back 90

the sense of smell
1) humans have 339 different types of olfactory receptors molecules located in the membrane of the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells
2) the brain recognizes particular odors by analyzing the pattern of neural activity produced by activation of the these receptors

Front 91

olfactory (nasal) mucosa (KNOW)

Back 91

the mucous membrane lining the top of the nasal sinuses; contains the cilia of the olfactory receptors
1) on the nasal cavity
2) below the olfactory bulb
3) the neurons are on the mucosa (the tips have the cilia/ neurons wrapped around the roots)

Front 92

olfactory bulb

Back 92

one of the stalklike structures located at the base of the brain that contain neural circuits that perform the first analysis of olfactory information

Front 93

autokinetic effect

Back 93

a combination of what your eyes are doing which makes things not move

Front 94

somatosenses (3) (KNOW)

Back 94

the skin senses, the internal senses, and the vestibular senses; bodily sensations; sensitivity to such stimuli as touch/pressure, pain, and temperature

Front 95

when you have a head cold, the flavors of foods are diminished because... (KNOW)

Back 95

mucus congestion makes it difficult for odor-laden air to reach your receptors for the sense of smell

Front 96

the internal senses

Back 96

there are sensory receptors located in our internal organs, bones and joints, and muscles that convey painful, neutral, and in some cases pleasurable sensory information

Front 97

free nerve ending

Back 97

an unencapsulated (naked) dendrite of somatosensory neurons

Front 98

Pacinian corpuscule

Back 98

a specialized, encapsulated somatosensory nerve endingm which detects mechanical stimuli, especially vibrations

Front 99

two-point discrimination threshold

Back 99

the minimum distance between two small points that can be detected as separate stimuli when pressed against a particular region of skin

Front 100

phantom limb

Back 100

sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated

Front 101

muscle spindle

Back 101

a muscle fiber that functions as a stretch receptor; arranged parallel to the muscle fibers responsible for contraction of the muscle, it detects muscle length

Front 102

vestibular apparatus

Back 102

the receptive organs of the inner ear that contribute to balance and perception of head movement (spatial orientation)

Front 103

vestibular sac

Back 103

one of two sets of receptor organs in each inner ear that detect changes in the tilt of the head

Front 104

perception (KNOW)

Back 104

the brain's use of information provided by sensory systems to produce a response

Front 105

module

Back 105

an area of tissue in the primary visual cortex whose neurons receive their input from the same small region in the retina

Front 106

receptive field

Back 106

that portion of the visual field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration int he firing rate of a particular neuron

Front 107

ventral stream (KNOW)

Back 107

the flow of information from the primary visual cortex to the visual association area in the inferior temporal cortex (lower temporal lobe [memory]); used to form the perception of an object's shape, color, and orientation (the "what" system); specific regions of the ventral stream are also devoted to the perception of bodies or body parts or of scenes and backgrounds

Front 108

dorsal stream (KNOW)

Back 108

the flow of information from the primary visual cortex to the visual association area in the parietal lobe (touch/spatial relations); used to form the perception of an object's location in three-dimensional space (the "where" system); also involved in visually guided control of reaching, grasping, and manipulating; some regions are also involved in perception of motion

Front 109

visual agnosia (KNOW)

Back 109

the inability of a person who is not blind to recognize the identity or use of an object by means of vision; usually caused by damage to the brain

Front 110

prosopagnosia (KNOW)

Back 110

a form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty in the recognition of people's faces; may be accompanied by difficulty in recognizing other complex objects; caused by damage to the visual association cortex

Front 111

fusiform face area (FFA)

Back 111

a region of the ventral stream in the human brain containing face-recognizing circuits

Front 112

extrastriate body area (EBA)

Back 112

a region of the ventral stream in the human brain that is activated by images of bodies or body parts but not faces

Front 113

parahippocampal place area

Back 113

a region of the ventral stream in the human brain that is activated by visual scenes and backgrounds

Front 114

cerebral achromatopsia

Back 114

the inability to discriminate colors; caused by damage to the visual association cortex

Front 115

akinetopsia

Back 115

loss of the ability to perceive movement due to damage in the visual association cortex

Front 116

figure (KNOW)

Back 116

a visual stimulus that is perceived as an object

Front 117

ground (KNOW)

Back 117

a visual stimulus that is perceived as a background against which objects are seen

Front 118

Balint's syndrome

Back 118

impaired ability to track location of objects

Front 119

Gestalt Psychology (KNOW)

Back 119

in perception, the whole is more than the sum of its parts

Front 120

law of proximity (KNOW)

Back 120

A Gestalt law of perceptual organization; elements located closest to one another are perceived as belonging to the same figure

Front 121

law of symmetry (KNOW)

Back 121

a Gestalt law of perceptual organization; symmetrical objects are perceived as belonging together even if a distance separates them

Front 122

law of similarity (KNOW)

Back 122

a Gestalt law of perceptual organization; similar elements are perceived as belonging to the same figure

Front 123

law of continuity (KNOW)

Back 123

a Gestalt law of perceptual organization; given two or more possible interpretations of the elements that form the outline of a figure, the brain will adopt the simplest form

Front 124

law of closure (KNOW)

Back 124

a Gestalt law of perceptual organization; elements missing from the outline of a figure are "filled in" by the visual system

Front 125

law of common fate (KNOW)

Back 125

a Gestalt law of perceptual organization; elements that move together give rise to the perception of a particular figure

Front 126

template

Back 126

a hypothetical pattern that is stored in the nervous system and is used to perceive objects or shapes by a process of comparison

Front 127

prototype

Back 127

a hypothetical idealized pattern that resides in the nervous system and is used to perceive objects or shapes by a process of comparison; recognition can occur when an exact match cannot be found

Front 128

distinctive features

Back 128

physical characteristics of an object that help distinguish it from other objects

Front 129

artificial intelligence (AI)

Back 129

a field of cognitive science in which researchers design computer programs to simulate human cognitive abilities; this endeavor may help cognitive psychologists understand the mechanisms that underlie these abilities

Front 130

artificial neural networks

Back 130

a model of the nervous system based on interconnected networks of units that have some of the properties of neurons

Front 131

bottom-up processing (data-driven/stimulus-driven processing) (KNOW)

Back 131

perception based on successive analyses of the details of the stimuli that are present; begins with the image that falls on the retina

Front 132

top-down processing (knowledge-driven processing) (KNOW)

Back 132

perception based on information provided by the context in which a particular stimulus is encountered; involves the use of contextual information supplied from memory -- the "big picture"

Front 133

binocular cue (KNOW)

Back 133

a cue for the perception of depth that requires the use of both eyes

Front 134

monocular cue (KNOW)

Back 134

a cue for the perception of depth that requires the use of only one eye

Front 135

convergence (KNOW)

Back 135

in depth perception, the result of conjugate eye movements whereby the fixation point for each eye is identical; feedback from these movements provides information about the distance of visual objects from the viewer

Front 136

retinal disparity (KNOW)

Back 136

the fact that objects located at different distances from the observer will fall on different locations on the two retinas; provides a binocular cue for depth perception

Front 137

types of binocular cues (KNOW)

Back 137

1) convergence
2) retinal disparity

Front 138

types of monocular cues (KNOW)

Back 138

1) interposition
2) relative size (height)
3) linear perspective
4) texture gradient
5) haze (relative clarity)
6) shading (light and shadow)
7) horizon proximity
8) motion parallax

Front 139

interposition (KNOW)

Back 139

a monocular cue for depth perception; an object that partially blocks another object is perceived as closer

Front 140

relative size (KNOW)

Back 140

a monocular cue for depth perception based on the retinal size of an object

Front 141

linear perspective (KNOW)

Back 141

a monocular cue for depth perception; the arrangement of lines drawn in two dimensions such that parallel lines receding from the view are seen to converge at a point on the horizon

Front 142

texture gradient (KNOW)

Back 142

a monocular cue for depth perception; the relative fineness of detail present in the surfaces of objects or the ground or floor

Front 143

haze (KNOW)

Back 143

objects that are less distinct in their outlines and texture are perceived as farther from the viewer

Front 144

shading (KNOW)

Back 144

a monocular cue for depth perception; the apparent light source determines whether the surface of an object is perceived as concave or convex

Front 145

horizon proximity (KNOW!)

Back 145

a monocular cue for depth perception; objects closer to the horizon appear farther away than objects more distant from the horizon

Front 146

motion parallax (KNOW)

Back 146

a monocular cue for depth perception; as we pass by a scene, objects closer to us appear to move farther than those more distant

Front 147

linguistic relative hypothesis

Back 147

the hypothesis that the language a person speaks influences his or her thoughts and perceptions

Front 148

perceptual constancy

Back 148

the experience-based ability to recognize an object and certain of its characteristics -- its form, size, color, and brightness -- as invariant despite the shifting retinal images it produces

Front 149

types of perceptual constancy

Back 149

1) form (or shape) constancy
2) size constancy
3) color constancy
4) brightness constancy

Front 150

phi phenomenon

Back 150

the perception of movement caused by the turning on and off of two or more lights, one at a time, in sequence; often used on theater marquees; responsible for the apparent movement of images in movies and television

Front 151

Ames room

Back 151

a distorted room that is used to create an optical illusion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_room

Front 152

an ambitious theory of feature-based object perception was proposed by Biederman

Back 152

critical to the theory is a fixed set of "primitives," or feature detectors for specific three-dimensional geometric shapes -- called geons -- that reside in the brain

Front 153

learning (KNOW)

Back 153

long-lasting changes in the environmental guidance of behavior as a result of experience

Front 154

eliciting stimulus (KNOW)

Back 154

stimulus that evokes behavior, commonly as a result of natural selection

Front 155

Pavlov's Procedure (KNOW)

Back 155

1) dog restrained in harness
2) food was presented after an environmental stimulus like the ticking sound of a metronome
3) food (the eliciting stimulus) evoked salivation
4) ticking sound appeared before the food several times
5) animal began to salivate and look toward food bowl whenever it heard the sound
[saliva flows into a tube]
6) pairing the sound with food and its elicited salivary response produced a change in the environmental guidance of behavior (i.e. learning occurred)
7) the sound-salivation relation had been selected by the food
8) before the procedure, the tone didn't evoke salivation; afterward it did
9) his procedure controlled the relation of an environmental stimulus to an eliciting stimulus
10) a specified environmental stimulus must occur before the eliciting stimulus
11) SOME behavior always precedes the eliciting stimulus (ex: the dog likely pricked up its ears on hearing the ticking of the metronome --> this response preceded the food)

Front 156

Thorndike's Procedure

Back 156

1) introduced food (the eliciting stimulus) into the learner's environment after a RESPONSE, not after a stimulus
2) ex: chick navigating maze of stacked books/ cat operating latch to exit a confined chamber
3) both animals moved faster (and more efficiently) over successive trials
4) he measured the behavior that produced the eliciting stimulus, not the elicited response itself
5) his procedure controlled the relation of a response to the eliciting stimulus
6) a specified response must occur before the eliciting stimulus
7) SOME stimulus always precedes the eliciting stimulus (ex: the stimuli that initially permitted the loop-pulling response [the loop operated the latch])

Front 157

Pavlov's and Thorndike's procedures do not differ with respect to whether a stimulus or a response precedes the eliciting stimulus, but...

Back 157

as to whether their relation to the eliciting stimulus is RELIABLE

Front 158

In both procedures the environment may be viewed as...

Back 158

a continuously changing sequence of stimuli (S)

Front 159

In both procedures behavior may be viewed as...

Back 159

a continuously changing sequence of responses (R)

Front 160

emitted response (KNOW)

Back 160

response permitted by the environment with no specific controlling stimulus

Front 161

classical procedure (KNOW)

Back 161

conditioning procedure in which a neutral stimulus precedes an eliciting stimulus with the result that the neutral stimulus evokes a learned response resembling the elicited response

Front 162

conditioned stimulus (CS) (KNOW)

Back 162

neutral stimulus that evokes a conditional response (CR) through pairing with a US in a classical procedure

Front 163

unconditioned stimulus (US) (KNOW)

Back 163

stimulus, such as food, that elicits a reflexive response, such as salivation, in a classical procedure

Front 164

unconditioned response (UR) (KNOW)

Back 164

response that is elicited by the US in a classical procedure

Front 165

conditioned response (CR) (KNOW)

Back 165

response that is acquired by the CS in a classical procedure after the CS has been paired with the US

Front 166

conditioning (KNOW)

Back 166

process that produces learning (change in the environmental guidance of behavior) in classical and operant procedures

Front 167

plasticity (KNOW)

Back 167

the brain changes the way it functions in response to experience

Front 168

extinction (KNOW)

Back 168

decrease in a learned behavior when the behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer

Front 169

reinforcing stimulus (reinforcer) (KNOW)

Back 169

stimulus that strengthens responding in either classical or operant procedures

Front 170

neutral stimulus (KNOW)

Back 170

a stimulus that does not cause the reaction; can link to an unconditioned stimulus

Front 171

predictive quality (KNOW)

Back 171

certain amount of time necessary to make the connection between the unconditioned and the conditioned stimulus

Front 172

spontaneous recovery (KNOW)

Back 172

increase in a previously extinguished response after the passage of time

Front 173

stimulus generalization (KNOW)

Back 173

process by which behavior occurs in an environment in which it has not been reinforced, but which is similar to that environment

Front 174

stimulus discrimination (KNOW)

Back 174

process by which the environmental guidance of behavior is restricted to the environment in which the behavior was reinforced; can be produced by extinguishing the response in other environments

Front 175

reinforcement (KNOW)

Back 175

process by which a reinforcer increases the environmental guidance of behavior

Front 176

operant procedure

Back 176

conditioning procedure in which a response (the operant) precedes an eliciting stimulus

Front 177

observational conditioning

Back 177

observer attaches to a model to learn behavior

Front 178

volition (KNOW)

Back 178

classical conditioning is involuntary; classically conditioned feelings are not allowed by logical reasoning

Front 179

learning factors (KNOW)

Back 179

1) number of times you pair US and CS (responses) together
2) strength of US
3) reliability of CS in predicting US
4) occurrence of CS just before US

Front 180

potential change (KNOW)

Back 180

you can learn things, but not demonstrate that you've learned them for a long time

Front 181

removing fears (KNOW)

Back 181

involves using classical conditioning to associate good feelings with the feared object