Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is personality? |
A collection of mental and psychological parts that encompass feelings,thoughts, motivations, and behaviors |
|
|
What is the difference between a trait and a state? Give Examples |
Trait: a constant about a person's personality State: who you are at a certain period of time; temporary |
|
|
What is Freud's personality Structure? |
Id: what I want and I want it right now Ego: Mediator Super Ego: Moral Compass |
|
|
What is the iceburg theory? |
Concious to Preconcious (dream state) to Unconcious (instinct, traumas, fears, passions, etc.) |
|
|
Describe Freud's psychosexual theory. What are the most important phases? |
Oral Stage (age 0-1): oral needs that can turn to bad habits throughout life. Anal Stage (age 1-3): toilet training an become a power struggle between child and parent, leads to extremes of cleanliness Phallic (superego) Stage (age 3-6): sexual desire for opposite parent turns into imitation of same sex parent. Conscience arises. Latency (superego grows) Stage (age 6-11): Social influences pressures grow to outside the family the family. Sexual desire decreases. Genital Stage (Adolescence to adulthood): Re-growth of sexual desire. Earlier success = later success The oral, anal, and latency stages are the most significant because they are the bases of adolescence and adulthood and what type of person one will become. |
|
|
What is a defense mechanism? What are they? Give examples. |
Defense mechanisms are how the ego maintains balance. Denial: declaring something to be untrue Displacement: the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for goals felt in their original form to be dangerous or unacceptable. Intellectualization: reasoning is used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict and its associated emotional stress – where thinking is used to avoid feeling. It involves removing one's self, emotionally, from a stressful event. Projection: the problem is not because of you, but because of someone else; "it's not me, it's you"
Rationalization: controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation Regression: the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way Repression: the psychological attempt made by an individual to direct one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious Sublimation: mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are unconsciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse |
|
|
What is humanism? |
Humanism operates under the premise that people are basically good. Attempts to help people understand and accept both the good and the bad about themselves. |
|
|
What is trait theory? |
Trait theorists are concerned with the comparison of personality: the aspects of it and the degree of it. |
|
|
What are central and cardinal traits? |
Central Traits: normal personality traits; ex: kindness, honesty, etc. Cardinal Traits: a trait that is out of the ordinary, most dominant, rare; ex: evil, charitable, etc.; a trait that someone has a lot of |
|
|
What is the social cognitive perspective? Give examples. |
Bandura believed internal and external aspects of human nature determine behavior. Reciprical Determinism: environment and behavior shape and influence each other Examples: How we chose environment. Personality shapes interpretation and reaction to events. Personalities help create situations to which we react |
|
|
What are internal and external locuses of control? |
Locuses are decisions about life. Internal locuses of control revolve around a person's decisions, external locuses of control revolve around environmental factors. |
|
|
What did Adler believe, pertaining to personality? |
Social context is necessary to understand the individual's character traits, behavior, personality, etc. because it is influenced by environment and development |
|
|
What are Adler's ideas on birth order? |
First Born: socially dominant, highly intellectual (result of undivided attention), and extrememly conscientious. Less open to new ideas (may believe their way is the only way)--prone to perfectionism and people pleasing. Second Born/Middle Child: competitive nature/very competitive, the peace maker, very good a diplomacy, very flexible. Eager for parental praise. Youngest/Last Born/Only Child: dependent and selfish, used to being cared for and babied. Funny, clowns of the group, comfortable entertaining and being the life of the party. Mature with a higher level of vocabulary. |
|
|
What is intelligence? |
The ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment. It is view from three main sets of ideas. Practical Problem Solving: how to think logically through a situation Verbal Activity: being able to apply verbal skills whilst solving a problem/being able to comprehend a written question to be able to solve it Social Competence: being able to work problems out with others within a group dynamic or as a group |
|
|
What is the Triarchic Theory? |
Analytic/academic (book smarts), Creative (more than one way to solve a problem/get something done, Practical (logic). |
|
|
What is the Multiple Theory? |
There are eight types of intelligence: Linguistic: learning multiple languages Logical: being able to apply logic to most situations Spatial: ability to think step-by-step through a situation Bodily Control: the ability to train one's body to react a certain way Musical: learn multiple instrument/pick up music quickly Interpersonal: how one gets along with others Intrapersonal: how one understands themself Naturalistic: the ability to understand how to react in social situations |
|
|
What is emotional intelligence? What is social intelligence? |
Emotional Intelligence: ability to regulate emotions to appropriate time and place Social Intelligence: ability to react appropriately in social settings, reading social cues, etc. |
|
|
What is Savant Syndrome? |
People with mental disabilities ad island of intelligence struggle with social intelligence (autism, developmental delays, etc) |
|
|
What are the five components to creativity? |
Expertise (more knowledge on the subject = more creative) Imaginitive thinking skills Venturesome personality (willing to take risks) Intrinsic Motivation (Internal factor) Creative Environment |
|
|
What are the five stages of creative thought? |
Definition (define the problem) Preparation Percolate (walk away from the problem and come back to it) Insight Verify |
|
|
What is an intelligence quotient? |
mental age/chronological age x100 |
|
|
Tests are used to measure what? |
Vocabulary, memory, common knowledge, cognitive ability |
|
|
What is an aptitude test vs. an achievement test? |
Aptitude: used to predict future performance Achievement: used to asses current performance |
|
|
What is the Weschler Intelligence Scale? |
Defines intelligence as a person's ability to adapt and constructively solve problems in the environment. |
|
|
What are the two thinking processes? |
Convergent: academic thinking process (book smarts) Divergent: "out of the box" thinking; creativity |
|
|
What is concept formation? Explain and give examples. |
Concept Formation: mental grouping of similar objects, events, etc. Category hierarchies: broken into major and minor parts There are two kinds of concepts: Fuzzy- not many rules, no set rules (Tomato-vegetable or fruit?) Normal: Very definite rules |
|
|
What is a prototype? Explain and give examples. |
Mental images or the best example of an object, category, etc. to an individual; most typical kind of concept Example: I might think the best type of dog is a German Shepherd, but someone else may think the best type of dog is a Corgi |
|
|
What is compensatory problem solving? |
Picking the "best" option out of the choices one has; picking "the lesser of two evils" |
|
|
What is Algorithm problem solving? |
If one follows the pattern/formula one will get the correct answer; methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarentees solving a particular problem |
|
|
What is hueristic problem solving? |
The "rule of thumb"; two types: Availability: situation judged on similar situations (think rape) Representative: situation judged on similarity to prototypes (9/11) |
|
|
What is insight problem solving? |
Having a creative solution to a problem; having multiple solutions; product of creativity intelligence |
|
|
What is a representation failure? |
An incorrect assumption about the nature of the problem. |
|
|
What is confirmation bias? |
Only looking for evidence to confirm your belief |
|
|
What is an anchoring bias? |
A tendency to focus heavily on one piece of evidence instead of the whole picture (tunnel bias) |
|
|
What is functional fixedness? |
Mental wall that separates problem from solution (finding creative ways to look at a situation) |
|
|
What is a belief bias? |
An illogical conclusion to confirm a preexisting belief. |
|
|
What is belief perserverance? |
Clinging to on'es initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed is proven false. There are three types: Self-Impression: belief about self (difficult to change) Social Impression: impression of others Social Theory: form impression/decisions of groups/races |
|
|
What is language? |
Our spoken. written, or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate language. Five components: Phonology Morphes Syntax Semantics Pragmatics |
|
|
What is Receptive Language? Give the definition and the stages. |
Receptive Language: ability to comprehend language that starts at birth. Newborn: respond to sound Weeks Old: differentiate emotions 6 Months Old: meaning is associated with sound 7-9 Months Old: Segment spoken sound into words and responds to "no" 1 Year Old: Follows simple directions 3 Years Old: Recognize the most common objects |
|
|
What are the three language development theories? |
Behaviorist: nature approach; Skinner: opperant conditioning that pairs imitation and reinforcement (encouragement = learned language) Nativist: nature approach; language aquisition device (LAD); Chompsky: we are born with ability to speak in rule oriented fashion as soon as we know enough words; sensitive/crucial period of language Interactionist: middle ground; Biology and cognitive development interact; mixture of nativist and behaviorist theories |
|
|
What is bronca's area? What is Bronca's aphasia? |
Bronca's area: partially responsible for language production Bronca's Aphasia: damage to the Bronca's area, show clear involvement with grammar and language |
|
|
What is Wernick's area? What is Wernick's aphasia? |
Wernick's area: partially responsible for language processing Wernick's aphasia: related to correct processing and retrieval |
|
|
What is James-Lang Theory? |
Suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. Example: There is a bear approaching and I am shaking, because I am shaking that must mean I'm scared. |
|
|
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory? |
Emotions and bodily changes do not share a cause-and-effect relationship. Rather, they occur simultaneously, following a stimulating event. |
|
|
What is the facial feedback effect? |
Facial movement can influence emotional experience. For example, an individual who is forced to smile during a social event will actually come to find the event more of an enjoyable experience. |
