Psychology Test 3

Front 1

action potential

Back 1

electrical impulse that surges along an axon

Front 2

synaptic transmission

Back 2

when action potential reaches end of terminal button, neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft

Front 3

reuptake

Back 3

taking a neuron back from synaptic cleft into sending neuron

Front 4

autoreception

Back 4

receiving neuron sends signal to sending neuron to stop sending neurotransmitters by binding autoreceptors

Front 5

enzyme deactivation

Back 5

enzymes which break neurotransmitter down can be increased

Front 6

acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 6

links motor neurons and muscles in peripheral nervous system; blocking results in amnesia

Front 7

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norephrinephrine

Back 7

monoamine having to do with arousal and vigilance

Front 8

dopamine

Back 8

monoamine involved in motivation, reward, motor control and planning

Front 9

serotonin

Back 9

monoamine involved in mood and dreaming

Front 10

GABA

Back 10

amino acid which calms entire nervous system down; inhibitory effect on brain

Front 11

glutamate

Back 11

amino acid which excites brain

Front 12

peptide

Back 12

modulate neurotransmission

Front 13

CCK

Back 13

peptide affecting satiety, full after eating feeling

Front 14

endorphin

Back 14

peptide which causes analgesia, pain relief

Front 15

substance P

Back 15

peptide for pain relief

Front 16

central nervous system

Back 16

network of nerves in brain and spinal cord

Front 17

peripheral nervous system

Back 17

comprised of somatic and autonomic branches of nervous system

Front 18

somatic branch

Back 18

motor, sensory control of peripheral nervous system

Front 19

autonomic branch

Back 19

self-regulated actions of organs and glands; comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Front 20

sympathetic nervous system

Back 20

deals with threatening aspects of environment (fight or flight)

Front 21

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 21

reverses effects of sympathetic system (rest, digest)

Front 22

endocrine system

Back 22

system of ductless glands that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, mood, and some behavior; hypothalamus important

Front 23

psychopharmacology

Back 23

study of effects of drugs on psychological processes and disorders

Front 24

major depressive episode

Back 24

depressed mood and diminished interest in most or all activities; caused by neurotransmitter dysfunction

Front 25

MAO inhibitors

Back 25

prevent breakdown of serotonin in presynaptic neuron; form of antidepressant

Front 26

SSRI

Back 26

prevent reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic neuron; antidepressant

Front 27

tricyclics

Back 27

inhibit reuptake of a number of neurotransmitters; bad side effects

Front 28

magnetic resonance imaging

Back 28

brain-imaging technique

Front 29

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 29

electric shock treatment for severe depression

Front 30

psychosurgery

Back 30

surgical removal of portions of brain

Front 31

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Back 31

apply fluctuating magnetic current to frontal cortex repeatedly over a period of a couple weeks

Front 32

bipolar disorder

Back 32

mood disorder characterized by wild fluctuations from mania to depression

Front 33

lithium carbonate

Back 33

mood stabilizer, calms mania, treatment for bipolar disorder

Front 34

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Back 34

depressive episode with seasonal onset; treated by antidepressants

Front 35

schizophrenia

Back 35

disorder involving gross distortions of thoughts and perceptions and by loss of contact with reality

Front 36

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 36

hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, bizarre behavior

Front 37

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 37

apathy, flattened affect, social withdrawal

Front 38

biological causes of schizophrenia

Back 38

larger ventricles, reduced brain volumes, heredity, overactive dopamine system

Front 39

dopamine hypothesis

Back 39

drugs that block dopamine decrease symptoms of schizophrenia

Front 40

motivation

Back 40

factors that energize, initiate, direct, and sustain behavior

Front 41

needs

Back 41

state of deficiency

Front 42

leptin

Back 42

hormone involved in fat regulation

Front 43

glucostats

Back 43

receptors that bind with glucose in bloodstream and cause less hunger

Front 44

lipostatic theory

Back 44

set-point for body fat

Front 45

physical dependence

Back 45

failing to ingest a substance leads to symptoms of withdrawal

Front 46

psychological dependence

Back 46

habitual and compulsive substance use despite the consequences

Front 47

negative reinforcement

Back 47

likelihood of a behavior is increased when removing an aversive stimulus

Front 48

positive reinforcement

Back 48

likelihood of a behavior is increased when presenting a pleasant stimulus

Front 49

stimulants

Back 49

secrete dopamine (caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines)

Front 50

cocaine

Back 50

prevents reuptake of dopamine into sending neuron, leaves dopamine in synaptic cleft

Front 51

alcohol

Back 51

binds to receptors for GABA, opiate, dopamine; impairs motor processing, information processing, mood

Front 52

Alfred Kinsey

Back 52

first scientific study of human sexual behavior in 1940s

Front 53

hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

Back 53

signals sex organs to secrete sex hormnes

Front 54

testosterone

Back 54

linked to sexual thoughts, desire, and behavior

Front 55

four stages of sexual response cycle

Back 55

orgasm, plateau, excitement, resolution

Front 56

emotion

Back 56

feeling state characterized by physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, cognitive interpretation

Front 57

James-Lange Theory

Back 57

reaction is provoked by event, physiological changes occur, emotional reaction follows

Front 58

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 58

emotion originates in thalamus; physiological behavior and emotion independent of each other

Front 59

Two-Factor Theory

Back 59

physiological arousal and cognitive label both required for emotional reaction

Front 60

Schachter and Singer (1962)

Back 60

adrenaline and placebo study

Front 61

basic emotions

Back 61

recognized cross-culturally: joy, disgust, fear, anger, sadness

Front 62

in-group facial expressions

Back 62

better at recognizing facial expressions of own race

Front 63

stress

Back 63

unpleasant state that arises when event is perceived to exceed ability to cope

Front 64

sources of stress

Back 64

major life events, daily hassles

Front 65

hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis

Back 65

leads to secretion of cortisol, which mobilizes energy; suppressive effect on immune system

Front 66

amygdala

Back 66

communicates with locus coeruleus of brainstem

Front 67

locus coeruleus

Back 67

prompts release of norephinephrine, keeps body physically aroused

Front 68

lymphocytes

Back 68

specialized white blood cell that secrete chemical antibodies and facilitate immune response

Front 69

Type A personality

Back 69

impatient, hard-driving, hostile

Front 70

Type B personality

Back 70

easy-going, relaxed

Front 71

positives of stress

Back 71

can enhance aspects of cellular immunity at skin surface; promote future resilient behavior

Front 72

problem-focused coping

Back 72

reduce stress by dealing with problem

Front 73

emotion-focused coping

Back 73

try to manage negative emotions

Front 74

hardiness

Back 74

personality style characterized by commitment, challenge, control

Front 75

optimistic explanatory style

Back 75

bad things are external; stronger immune system

Front 76

well-being

Back 76

frequent pleasant emotions, infrequent unpleasant emotions, satisfaction of life dreams

Front 77

consciousness

Back 77

awareness of sensations, thoughts, feelings at a given moment

Front 78

phenomenal consciousness

Back 78

subjective experience itself

Front 79

access consciousness

Back 79

awareness of experience

Front 80

unconscious processing

Back 80

also called masked priming; brain knows what you don't

Front 81

circadian rhythm theory

Back 81

conservation of energy, minimizing exposure to predators

Front 82

facilitation of learning

Back 82

circuits wired together during day are consolidated

Front 83

non rapid eye movement (NREM)

Back 83

stage 1: easily awakened
stage 2: less sensitive to outside stimuli
stage 3,4: only woken up by important stimuli

Front 84

rapid eye movement (REM)

Back 84

dreaming prominent, triggered by ACh

Front 85

typical night's sleep

Back 85

4-5 episodes of REM sleep, REM periods progressively longer

Front 86

effects of sleep deprivation

Back 86

inattention, slow working memory, poor decision-making

Front 87

Hall and Van de Castle

Back 87

men dream about men, physical aggression, sexuality; women dream about familiar people, settings

Front 88

insomnia

Back 88

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

Front 89

narcolepsy

Back 89

irresistible and sudden attacks of REM sleep during the day

Front 90

sleep apnea

Back 90

repeated cessation of breathing during sleep

Front 91

REM sleep behavior disorder

Back 91

skeletal muscles not paralyzed during REM sleep

Front 92

Sigmund Freud

Back 92

wish fulfillment in disguise

Front 93

continuity hypothesis

Back 93

dreams reflect waking life

Front 94

activation-synthesis theory (Hobson)

Back 94

brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals fired during sleep

Front 95

reverse learning theory (Crick and Mitchinson)

Back 95

clearing away cognitive debris during sleep

Front 96

intelligence

Back 96

solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, adapt to environmental challenges

Front 97

general intelligence "g"

Back 97

fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Front 98

Gardner's multiple intelligences

Back 98

people exceptional in some domains and weak in others

Front 99

Triarchic Theory

Back 99

three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, practical

Front 100

all-or-none principle

Back 100

a neuron fires with same potency each time; either fires or not

Front 101

myelin sheath

Back 101

material made up of glial cells that insulates axon

Front 102

nodes of Ranvier

Back 102

small gaps of exposed axon where action potentials are transmitted

Front 103

synaptic cleft

Back 103

small space between neurons that carry extracellular fluid

Front 104

neurotransmitter

Back 104

chemical substance that carries signals between neurons

Front 105

agonist

Back 105

drug that enhances the actions of a specific neurotransmitter

Front 106

antagonist

Back 106

drug that inhibits action of specific neurotransmitter

Front 107

cholecystokinin

Back 107

peptide found in cerebral cortex and plays role in learning and memory

Front 108

psychotropic medication

Back 108

drug that affects mental processes

Front 109

intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)

Back 109

procedure in which animals can self-administer electrical shock to specific areas of brain

Front 110

sexual strategies theory

Back 110

suggests men and women look for different qualities in relationships

Front 111

display rules

Back 111

cultural rules that govern how and when emotions are exhibited

Front 112

somatic markers

Back 112

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences

Front 113

alexithymia

Back 113

a disorder involving a lack of the subjective experience of emotion

Front 114

excitation transfer

Back 114

a form of misattribution in which residual physiological arousal caused by one event is transferred to a new stimulus

Front 115

rumination

Back 115

thinking about and focusing on undesired thoughts and feelings which prolongs negative mood

Front 116

cerebral asymmetry

Back 116

emotional pattern associated with unequal activation of left and right frontal lobes

Front 117

tend-and-befriend response

Back 117

females more likely to protect and care for offspring and form social alliances than fight or flee

Front 118

general adaptation syndrome

Back 118

consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Front 119

buffering hypothesis

Back 119

other people can provide direct support in helping individuals cope with stressful events

Front 120

qualia

Back 120

properties of our subjective, phenomenological awareness

Front 121

unconscious

Back 121

processes that are outside the realm of conscious awareness

Front 122

blindsight

Back 122

condition in which people who are blind have some spared visual capacities in absence of any visual awareness

Front 123

microsleeps

Back 123

brief, unintended sleep episodes ranging from a few seconds to a minute caused by chronic sleep deprivation

Front 124

emotional intelligence

Back 124

social intelligence that emphasizes ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions to guide thoughts and actions