Psychology Test 3

Front 1

Short wave lengths

Back 1

High Frequency (blueish colors)

Front 2

Low wave lengths

Back 2

Low Frequency (redish colors)

Front 3

Great amplitude

Back 3

Bright colors

Front 4

Small amplitude

Back 4

Dull colors

Front 5

Wave length

Back 5

the distance from one wave peak to the next determines it's hue

Front 6

Hue

Back 6

the dimension of color that is determined by the wave length of light

Front 7

Intensity

Back 7

the amount of energy in light waves. Determined by a wave lengths amplitude

Front 8

Retina

Back 8

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Front 9

Accommodation

Back 9

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Front 10

Rods

Back 10

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond (dim light )

Front 11

Cones

Back 11

retinal receptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Front 12

Optic Nerve

Back 12

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Front 13

Blind Spot

Back 13

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.

Front 14

Depth perception

Back 14

The ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D ; This allows us to judge distance.

Front 15

Binocular Cues

Back 15

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.

Front 16

Retinal disparity

Back 16

A binocular cue for perceiving depth, works by comparing the images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance.

Front 17

Monocular Cues

Back 17

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

Front 18

Trichromatic (3 color) theory

Back 18

The theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green and one to blue- which, when simulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

Front 19

Opponent -Process theory

Back 19

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red,green,yellow-blue,white-black) enable color vision.

Front 20

Parallel processing

Back 20

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously ; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.

Front 21

Colorblindness

Back 21

Lacking functioning red or green sensitive cones. Sometimes both.

Front 22

Classical conditioning

Back 22

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Front 23

Cognitive learning

Back 23

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events,by watching others, or through language

Front 24

Behaviorism

Back 24

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science.(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes . Most researchers today agree with (1) not (2).

Front 25

Respondent Behavior

Back 25

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Front 26

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 26

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

Front 27

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Back 27

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response ( such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth).

Front 28

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Back 28

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response(UR).

Front 29

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 29

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

Front 30

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 30

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Front 31

Extinction

Back 31

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus;occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Front 32

Spontaneous recovery

Back 32

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Front 33

Generalization

Back 33

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli to elicit similar responses.

Front 34

Discrimination

Back 34

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 35

Operant Conditioning

Back 35

Associate their own actions with consequences. Actions followed by reinforcers increase; those followed by punishers often decrease.

Front 36

Reinforcement

Back 36

Any event that strengthens (increases frequency of) a preceding response.

Front 37

Positive Reinforcement

Back 37

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.EX. Pet a dog when it comes when you call it.

Front 38

Negative Reinforcement

Back 38

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. EX. Take pain killers to end pain.

Front 39

Shaping

Back 39

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Front 40

Continuous reinforcement

Back 40

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. Develop behavior quickly.

Front 41

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Back 41

reinforcing a response only part of the time. Develop behavior longer.

Front 42

Fixed-Ratio schedule

Back 42

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.EX. reward every 5 targeted behaviors

Front 43

Variable-ratio schedule

Back 43

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. EX reward after randomly chosen number of behaviors.

Front 44

Fixed-interval schedule

Back 44

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time as elapsed.EX. every hour

Front 45

Variable- interval schedule

Back 45

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.EX. Random changing

Front 46

Encoding

Back 46

The processing of info into the memory system. EX. by extracting meaning

Front 47

Storage

Back 47

the retention of encoded info over time

Front 48

Retrieval

Back 48

the process of getting info out of the memory storage.

Front 49

Sensory memory

Back 49

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system. includes iconic and echoic.

Front 50

Short term memory

Back 50

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten.

Front 51

Long Term Memory

Back 51

THe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge,skills and experiences.

Front 52

Explicit memory

Back 52

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and " declare".( also called declaritive memory).Include semantic memory,episodic memory, flashbulb memory.

Front 53

Implicit memory

Back 53

retention independent of conscious recollection. (also called non declaritive memory) without awareness.

Front 54

Ionic memory

Back 54

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Front 55

Echoic memory

Back 55

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is else where,sounds and words can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Front 56

Recall

Back 56

a measure of memory in which the person myst retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.

Front 57

Recognition

Back 57

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned,as on a multiple choice test.

Front 58

retrograde amnesia

Back 58

cant retrieve past memories

Front 59

anterograde amnesia

Back 59

cant form new explicit memories

Front 60

Misinformation effect

Back 60

when exposed to misleading info we ten to misremember

Front 61

Source amnesia

Back 61

forgetting where the story came from and attributing the source to your own expierence