Psychology Test 3

Front 1

Reliability

Back 1

refers to how consistent your measurement is

Front 2

3 kinds of consistency and reliability in psychological measurement

Back 2

1. internal consistency
2. temporal consistency
3. procedural consistency

Front 3

internal consistency

Back 3

do the items of my measure consistently measure the same construct?

Front 4

temporal consistency

Back 4

how consistent is my measure over time? Test-retest reliability

Front 5

procedural consistency

Back 5

how consistent is my measure across different administrators? Interobserver agreement, interrator reliability

Front 6

validity of a pscyhological measurement tool

Back 6

refers to the extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure

Front 7

How does reliability relate to validity?

Back 7

a measurement must be reliable in order to be valid

Front 8

Types of measurement validity

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1. face validity
2. content validity
3. predictive validity
4. concurrent validity

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face validity

Back 9

it looks as if the test measures what it's supposed to measure

Front 10

content validity

Back 10

the content of teh test is representative of the content domain that I intend to measure

Front 11

Predictive validity

Back 11

My test specifically predicts some specific criteria

Front 12

concurrent validity

Back 12

my test relates in the appropriate way to some concurrent criterion

Front 13

brilliant studies simply become bad studies without

Back 13

good measurement instruments

Front 14

What does validity refer to in psychology?

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validity refers to how accurate or correct a psychological proposition (or measure) is.

Front 15

in teh context of psychological studies validity usually refers to

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how accurate (valid) the conclusions of the researchers are, given their research design and their results

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internal validity

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the extent to which we can be confident that the change of the IV resulted in teh changes of the DV.

Front 17

Thus, if a study is high in internal validity, we can confidently conclude that in our study

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the changes of our IV were causing the changes to the DV

Front 18

3 requirements for confirming causation

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1. covariation
2. temporal sequence
3. eliminating confounds

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external validity

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refers to the extent to which a research finding is actually representative of what typically happens in the real world.

Front 20

if a study is high in external validity, then we can confidently conclude

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that the findings apply to situations outside of the research environment

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external validity is closely associated with the issue of boundary conditions

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Generalizability

Front 22

2 basic issues of external validity

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1. to what extent will my results generalize to other people
2. how much will my results generalize to other situations

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confounds threaten

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internal validity

Front 24

artifacts threaten

Back 24

external validity

Front 25

construct validity

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the extent to which the independent and dependent variable actually represent the abstract theoretical variables that the researcher is interested in

Front 26

basic issues

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am i really manipulating the variables that i hoped to manipulate?
am i really measuring the variables i hoped to measure?

Front 27

conceptual validity

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how well your specific research hypothesis follows from teh broader theory it was designed to test.

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threats to the internal validity of psychological studies

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1. history
2. maturation
3. selection

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history

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some event takes place between the testing of the different levels of your IV

Front 30

maturation

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participants become older (more mature), wiser, stronger, or more experienced between the testing of teh different levels of your IV.

Front 31

selection

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participants are not randomly assigned to the different conditions of your IV

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statistical regression

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experimenters choose participants on the basis of their having scored very high or low on a test

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differential mortality

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people dropping out of study

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demand characteristics

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characteristics of the experimental procedure that subtly (or not so subtly) suggest how the participants are expected to act.

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participant reactance

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the research participant behaves so as to disconfirm the experimenters expectations

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evaluation apprehension

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a participants concerns about being judged either favorably or unfavorably by another person

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some ways to counter participant reaction bias:

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1.anonymous participation
2. cover story
3. secret or unobtrusive observations
4. the "bogus pipeline"
5. indirect or implicit assessment

Front 38

how can you control for confounds

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remember there is no such thing as a perfect study
be careful and be prepared!
use apporopriate control groups
use random assignment if possible.
measure and control for confounds.

Front 39

how can you determine if you have significant artifacts

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-remember that it's virtually impossible to eliminate all artifacts
-administer your study with different populations

Front 40

artifacts are very difficult for us to recognize

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becase we aren't aware of the water that we swim in

Front 41

operational definitions

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to specify the operations anyone must go through to set up the independent variable in the same way they did.

Front 42

pilot experiment

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a small scale version of the experiement you are planning

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3 ways to determine reliability

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test retest
alternative form
split half

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alternative form

Back 44

a second test having items similar to the first is constructed and given to the same peeps

Front 45

split half

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a single test is statistically split into halves and scores of the two halves are correlated

Front 46

concurrent validity

Back 46

tow measures taken at th same time to compare test score with criterion

Front 47

choice reaction time

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time it itakes to give one of several responses when one of several stimuli occur

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composite dependent variable

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gives some indication of overall performance

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percent savings

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percent saved=number of trials to learn - number of trials to relearn/ number of trials to learn x 100

Front 50

physiological measures

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behavior is a private event but the physiology of the body can be measured

Front 51

dual task methodology

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the primary task and a secondary task is performed