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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Language
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a system of symbols that follows social rules
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Linguists
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study the structure of language
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Psycholinguists
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-combined psychology and linguistics
-study the development of language, thought, symbols and the social use of language |
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phonemes
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basic perceptual units of language
sounds made in a language |
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phonetic expansions
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babies make all sounds in all languages
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3 stages of Phonetic Expansions
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-cooing
-babble -phonetic contraction |
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cooing
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-2-3 months
-open ended vowel sounds |
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babble
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-6-10 months
-constonant and vowel sounds together in repeated syllables |
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phonetic contraction
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-9-10 months
-stop producing sounds not in their native language |
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morphemes
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smallest meaningful unit of language
rat - 1 morpheme rats - 2 morphemes |
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Berko - Gleason
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did an experiment to learn if children learn inflections from rules or hearing the words
-they learn from rules |
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syntax
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-grammar
-rules that specify the order for putting words together -subject, verb, predicate |
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semantics
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-the meaning of the message
-influenced by verbal and nonverbal messages |
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B.F. Skinner
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-children aquire syntax through operand conditioning
-children use words and get positive result from adult |
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Chompsky
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-said children learn principles for language because they are inate
-language acquistion device (LAD) |
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4 reasons inflections are inate (according to chompsky)
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-children learn language no matter what language from 18months to 2 years
-kids overregularize language- children will appy regular rules of inflection to irregualar examples(goose-gooses) -use telegraphic speech-make simple sentances with only critical words(mommy go work) -infant directed speech(motherese) high pitch, simple grammar, slow pace |
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Developmental Psych
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study of how we change
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Piaget
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studied cognitive development in children and how they see the world
-first to say that younger children think different from older children |
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4 stage model of cognitive development (piaget)
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-sensory-motor period
-preoperational period -concrete operations -formal operational period |
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Sensory Motor period
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-0-2 years
-children have no built cognitive abilities(babies are born with no thoughts -all knowledge is dependent on the child's actions -reflexes -babies actions change and knowledge changes and thought becomes internalized |
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Rooting Reflex (S-MP)
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touch cheek, baby will turn head towards touch (food)
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Object Permanence (S-MP)
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-6-8 months
-knowledge that an object exists even when the baby is not doing anything to it |
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Deferred Imitation (S-MP)
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-18 months
-child imitates an absent model, pretend play imagination |
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Beginning of Representational Thought (S-MP)
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hold symbols and ideas in their head that stand for something (language)
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Preoperational Period
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-2-7 years
-thought is internalized, symbolic but not logical(lots of cogitive errors) |
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conservation(PP)
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confusion by appearence(water cups)
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egocentrism(pp)
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self centered understanding of the world/difficulty taking the perception of others
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Concrete Operations
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-7-12 years
-thought becomes logical, but it is tied to real world events (mathematical operations) -no abstract thoughts |
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Formal Operational Period
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-12 and up
-abstract thought from hypothetical situations -algebra, scientific method -systematically solving problems (if ->then) |
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2 Criticisms of Piaget
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-children show variations of cognitive abilities ealier then piaget believed (children are also no as egocentric as piaget believed (teach younger children))
-babies are more mentally active and alert then piaget thought (learn what mom looks like 1-2 days old) |
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Moral Devleopment
Piaget and Kohlberg |
-cognitive psych
-how we think and make decisions about morality -how children acquire and understand rules |
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3 stages of rules (by age)
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-before age 5-very little understanding of rules
-age 6-first real understanding of rules, but are taken to extreme, rules come from source outside themselves(god, police), harsh penalties to those who break rules, difficulty distinguishing between intention and outcome -age 10- kida are more flexable with rules |
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cross-sectional study
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study differnt individuals at different ages at the same time
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logitudinal study
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study the same individuals over time as they age
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heinz dilemma
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-kohlberg presented childre with this dilemma
-man with wife who is dying, must steal drugs |