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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Teratogens

("monster makers") substances such as viruses and chemicals that can damage the developing embryo or fetus

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Refers to cognitive, behavioral, and body/brain structure abnormalities caused by exposure to alcohol in the fetal stage

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Assimilation

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Accommodation

Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

Object permanence

The idea that objects exist even when they can't be seen

Egocentrism

"I am the world" A child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view

Conservative

Refers to the ability to understand that a quantity is conserved (does not change) even when it is arranged in a different shape

Parenting styles

Authoritarian: strict, "because I said so" and expect obedience


Permissive: parents submit to kids' desires, not enforcing limits or standards


Authoritative: parents enforce rules, limits and standards but also discuss, listen, and express respect for child's ideas and wishes

Learning

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Cognitive learning

Refers to acquiring new behaviors and information mentally, rather than by direct experience.


-by observing events and behaviors of others


-by using language to acquire information about events experienced by others

Bobo doll experiment

-Kids saw adults punching an inflated doll while narrating their aggressive behaviors such as "kick him."


-These kids were then put in a toy-deprived situation... and they acted out the same behaviors that had seen.

Classical Conditioning

After repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence, we associate those stimuli with each other.


Result: our natural response to one stimuli now can be triggered by the new, predictive stimuli.

Operant Conditioning


Child associates his "response" (behavior) with consequences.


Child learns to repeat behavior (saying "please") which were followed by desirable results (cookie).


Child learns to avoid behaviors (yelling "gimme!") which were followed by undesirable results (scolding or loss of dessert).

Positive Reinforcement


Any feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to recur. Adding something desirable (e.g. warmth)

Primary Reinforcement

Is a stimulus that meets a basic need or otherwise is intrinsically desirable, such as food, sex, fun, attention, or power.

Secondary Reinforcement

Is a stimulus, such as a rectangle of paper with numbers on it (money) which has become associated with a primary reinforcer (money buys food, build power).

Punishment

Has the opposite effects of reinforcement. These consequences make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future

Memory

The persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of information and skills

Encoding

The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored -> get information in

Storage

The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved -> keep it there

Retrieval

Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded -> get it back out

Short-term memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.We can hold 7 +/-2 information bitsDuration: 20-30 seconds

Long-term memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Sensory memory

Stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly.


The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information before it is processed into short-term, working, or long-term memory.


Consists of about a 3-4 second echo, or a 1/20th of a second image.

Flashbulb memory

Emotionally intense events that become "burned in" as a vivid-seeming memory

Serial position effect (primary/recency)

The tendency, when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect).

Massed practice

Cramming information all at once. (It is not time-effective)

Spacing effect

Better retention and recall when using the same amount of study time spread out over many shorter sessions

Retrograde amnesia

Inability to retrieve memory of the past

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new long-term declarative/explicit memories

Déjà vu

("already seen") the feeling that you're in a situation that you've seen or have been in before