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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
concept
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a mental grouping of similar objecs, events, ideas or people
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prototype
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a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
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algorithm
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a mehtodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone- use of heuristics
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heurisitc
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithims
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insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
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confirmation bias
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a tendency to seach for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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mental set
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a tendency to apporach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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representativeness heuristic
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judging the liklihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
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availability heuristic
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estimating the liklihood of events based on their availability in memory: if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
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overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements
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framing
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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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belief bias
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the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, somtimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions to seem invalid.
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belief perserverance
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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