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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
short-term memory
can only store 7(+/-) 2 chunks of info, quickly lost
long-term memory
can store billions of info, lasts a long time
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of info
effortful processing
conscious encoding of info
spacing effect
spaced studying produces better memory than cramming
serial position effect
first and last items in a list are better remembered than those in the middle
primacy effect
better memory for items at start of list
recency effect
better memory for items at end of list
self-reference effect
remember info better when linked to oneself
imagery encoding
form mental pictures
chunking
organizing info into smaller units (ex. 714-456-9900
context effects (or encoding specificity principle)
link what we learn with the environment in which we learned it

ex. scuba diver experiment
state-dependent memory
what we learn in one mental or physical sate is more easily recalled when we are again in the same state (ex. happy, sad)
mood-congruent memory
remember experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
misinformation effect
incorporating wrong info into your memory of an event
accuracy or eyewitness memories
false memories lead by wording

"how fast did the cars hit" vs "how fast did the cars smash"
own-race bias
eyewitness memory is less accurate when identifying a person of another race
functional fixedness
think of things only in terms of their usual function, hinders problem solving
heuristic
a shortcut way to solve problems or make decisions
representativeness heuristic
using stereotypes to judge the likelihood of things, may lead to wrong judgments
availability heuristic
judging an event as common if it comes readily to mind (seeing it on tv)

may lead to wrong judgements
framing effect
how a choice is worded or framed affects our decisions

ex. 25% fat or 75% lean
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
reveals brain structure and activity
babbling stage
sounds unrelated to household language (3-4 months)
one-word stage
resembles household language (1-2 years)
telegraphic speech
two word stage - two years

"go car"
linguistic relativity
(whorf)
ex. framing effect, politically correct speech
intelligence
the mental abilities needed to select, adapt to and shape environments
multiple intelligences
-creative intelligence
-analytical intelligence
-practical intelligence
practical intelligence
street smart, business sense
emotional intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage emotions
how to foster emotional intelligence in children
don't:
-dismiss a child's emotion
-disapprove a child's emotion
-tell a child how he/she should feel

do:
-be sensitive to what a child is feeling
-help the child label their feelings
-let them know you understand why they feel this way
-help the child identify goals and solve problems
benefits of emotional intelligence
more optimistic, less depressed, less impulsive, better grades, good leaders
piaget's theory of cognitive development
typical age range - description of stage- development phenomenon
sensorimotor stage
-birth - 2 years

-experience world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)

-object permanence
preoperational stage
-2-6 years

- represent things with words and images but lack logical reasoning

-self recognition, egocentrism
concrete operational
-7-11 years

- think logical about concrete events, math

-conservation
formal operational stage
-12-adult

abstract reasoning

planning, justice, free will
object permanence
the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer perceived
egocentrism
not able to feel what other people feel
conservation
knowing the amount of something remains the same even though the amount looks different
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
preconventional, conventional, post conventional levels
preconventional morality
morality of self interest; avoid punishment, gain concrete rewards
conventional level
morality of law and social rules, gain approval or avoid disapproval
post conventional level
morality of abstract principles, affirm justice and human rights
Secure attachment
child - he/she was warm and responsive, good at knowing when to be supportive

adult - find it easy to get close to others, comfortable depending on them
avoidant attachment
child - he/she was cold and distant, rejecting

adult - I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others
anxious/ambivalent attachment
child - he/she was inconsistent in his/her reactions to me, loved me but didn't always show it

adult- I find that others are reluctant to get close as I would like
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development
7 stages
trust vs mistrust
Birth to 1 year

Infants learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree and regularity of care, love, and affection provided by parents or caregivers
identity vs. role confusion
teenage years

asking the question "who am I' by trying on roles
intimacy vs. isolation
early adulthood

committing to a close, sharing relationship
generativity vs. stagnation
middle adulthood

accomplishment, producing something that outlasts you, helping younger generations
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization needs
physiological needs
to survive, satisfy hunger and thirst
safety needs
to feel safe
belongingness and love needs
to belong and to be loved
esteem needs
to achieve and feel good about oneself
self-actualization needs
to live up to one's fullest potential and unique potential
consequences of belonging and being loved
makes us happy, increase self esteem, decrease anxiety, decrease depression, improves physical health, less likely to get sick, live longer
consequences of social exclusion, rejection, and loneliness
less happy, lower self esteem, higher anxiety, increase depression, harms physical health, (more likely to get sick)
James-Lange theory of emotion
individuals will experience an emotion after they are aware of physiological changes (feeling fear becomes of trembling)