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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
short-term memory
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can only store 7(+/-) 2 chunks of info, quickly lost
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long-term memory
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can store billions of info, lasts a long time
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of info
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effortful processing
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conscious encoding of info
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spacing effect
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spaced studying produces better memory than cramming
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serial position effect
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first and last items in a list are better remembered than those in the middle
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primacy effect
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better memory for items at start of list
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recency effect
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better memory for items at end of list
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self-reference effect
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remember info better when linked to oneself
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imagery encoding
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form mental pictures
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chunking
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organizing info into smaller units (ex. 714-456-9900
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context effects (or encoding specificity principle)
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link what we learn with the environment in which we learned it
ex. scuba diver experiment |
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state-dependent memory
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what we learn in one mental or physical sate is more easily recalled when we are again in the same state (ex. happy, sad)
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mood-congruent memory
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remember experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
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misinformation effect
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incorporating wrong info into your memory of an event
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accuracy or eyewitness memories
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false memories lead by wording
"how fast did the cars hit" vs "how fast did the cars smash" |
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own-race bias
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eyewitness memory is less accurate when identifying a person of another race
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functional fixedness
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think of things only in terms of their usual function, hinders problem solving
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heuristic
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a shortcut way to solve problems or make decisions
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representativeness heuristic
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using stereotypes to judge the likelihood of things, may lead to wrong judgments
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availability heuristic
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judging an event as common if it comes readily to mind (seeing it on tv)
may lead to wrong judgements |
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framing effect
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how a choice is worded or framed affects our decisions
ex. 25% fat or 75% lean |
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fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
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reveals brain structure and activity
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babbling stage
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sounds unrelated to household language (3-4 months)
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one-word stage
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resembles household language (1-2 years)
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telegraphic speech
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two word stage - two years
"go car" |
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linguistic relativity
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(whorf)
ex. framing effect, politically correct speech |
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intelligence
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the mental abilities needed to select, adapt to and shape environments
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multiple intelligences
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-creative intelligence
-analytical intelligence -practical intelligence |
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practical intelligence
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street smart, business sense
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emotional intelligence
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ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage emotions
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how to foster emotional intelligence in children
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don't:
-dismiss a child's emotion -disapprove a child's emotion -tell a child how he/she should feel do: -be sensitive to what a child is feeling -help the child label their feelings -let them know you understand why they feel this way -help the child identify goals and solve problems |
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benefits of emotional intelligence
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more optimistic, less depressed, less impulsive, better grades, good leaders
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piaget's theory of cognitive development
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typical age range - description of stage- development phenomenon
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sensorimotor stage
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-birth - 2 years
-experience world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) -object permanence |
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preoperational stage
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-2-6 years
- represent things with words and images but lack logical reasoning -self recognition, egocentrism |
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concrete operational
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-7-11 years
- think logical about concrete events, math -conservation |
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formal operational stage
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-12-adult
abstract reasoning planning, justice, free will |
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object permanence
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the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer perceived
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egocentrism
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not able to feel what other people feel
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conservation
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knowing the amount of something remains the same even though the amount looks different
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
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preconventional, conventional, post conventional levels
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preconventional morality
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morality of self interest; avoid punishment, gain concrete rewards
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conventional level
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morality of law and social rules, gain approval or avoid disapproval
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post conventional level
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morality of abstract principles, affirm justice and human rights
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Secure attachment
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child - he/she was warm and responsive, good at knowing when to be supportive
adult - find it easy to get close to others, comfortable depending on them |
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avoidant attachment
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child - he/she was cold and distant, rejecting
adult - I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others |
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anxious/ambivalent attachment
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child - he/she was inconsistent in his/her reactions to me, loved me but didn't always show it
adult- I find that others are reluctant to get close as I would like |
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Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development
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7 stages
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trust vs mistrust
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Birth to 1 year
Infants learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree and regularity of care, love, and affection provided by parents or caregivers |
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identity vs. role confusion
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teenage years
asking the question "who am I' by trying on roles |
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intimacy vs. isolation
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early adulthood
committing to a close, sharing relationship |
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generativity vs. stagnation
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middle adulthood
accomplishment, producing something that outlasts you, helping younger generations |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization needs
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physiological needs
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to survive, satisfy hunger and thirst
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safety needs
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to feel safe
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belongingness and love needs
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to belong and to be loved
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esteem needs
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to achieve and feel good about oneself
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self-actualization needs
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to live up to one's fullest potential and unique potential
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consequences of belonging and being loved
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makes us happy, increase self esteem, decrease anxiety, decrease depression, improves physical health, less likely to get sick, live longer
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consequences of social exclusion, rejection, and loneliness
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less happy, lower self esteem, higher anxiety, increase depression, harms physical health, (more likely to get sick)
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James-Lange theory of emotion
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individuals will experience an emotion after they are aware of physiological changes (feeling fear becomes of trembling)
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