Psychology Test 1 (Cont)

Front 1

a description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured

Back 1

operational definition

Front 2

the tendency for an operational definition and a property to have a clear conceptual relation

Back 2

construct validity

Front 3

the tendency for an operational definition to be related to other operational definitions

Back 3

predictive validity

Front 4

the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things

Back 4

power

Front 5

those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave

Back 5

demand characteristics

Front 6

a method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

Back 6

naturalistic observation

Front 7

measure behaviors people are unable or unlikely to control like facial expressions, reaction times, eye blink rate, etc

Back 7

ways to avoid demand characteristics

Front 8

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment

Back 8

independent variable

Front 9

the variable that is measured in a study

Back 9

dependent variable

Front 10

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

Back 10

neurons

Front 11

the part of a neuron that coordinates info-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

Back 11

cell body

Front 12

the part of a neuron that receives info from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

Back 12

dendrites (from/receive)

Front 13

the part of a neuron that transmits info to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Back 13

axons (to/give)

Front 14

an insulating layer of fatty material

Back 14

myelin sheath

Front 15

support cells found int he nervous system

Back 15

glial cells

Front 16

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

Back 16

synapse

Front 17

neurons that receive info from the EXTERNAL world and convey this info to the brain via the spinal cord

Back 17

sensory neurons

Front 18

neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

Back 18

motor neurons

Front 19

neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons

Back 19

interneurons

Front 20

the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane

Back 20

resting potential

Front 21

discovered the neuron's resting potential when working with the giant squid's axon because it is 100 times larger than the biggest axon in humans

Back 21

biologists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley

Front 22

an electric signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse

Back 22

action potential (shuts down K+ channels and opens Na+ channels)

Front 23

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

Back 23

refractory period

Front 24

knoblike structures that branch out from an axon

Back 24

termal buttons

Front 25

chemicals that transmit inf across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites

Back 25

neurotransmitters

Front 26

parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate a new electric signal

Back 26

receptors

Front 27

neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

Back 27

dopamine

Front 28

a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in info transmission throughout the brain

Back 28

glutamate

Front 29

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Back 29

gaba

Front 30

ntmtter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior

Back 30

serotonin

Front 31

chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain

Back 31

endorphins

Front 32

drugs that increase the action of a neurtmtter

Back 32

agonists

Front 33

drugs that block the function of a neurtmtter

Back 33

antagonists

Front 34

the part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

Back 34

central nervous system

Front 35

the part of the NS that connects the CNS to the body's organs and muscles

Back 35

peripheral nervous system

Front 36

a set of nerves that conveys info into and out of the CNS

Back 36

somatic nervous system

Front 37

part of PNS that controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands

Back 37

Autonomic

Front 38

part of PNS controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Back 38

somatic

Front 39

part of autonomic NS that prepares the body for action in threatening situations (arousing)

Back 39

sympathetic NS

Front 40

part of autonomic NS that helps the body return to a normal resting state (calming)

Back 40

parasympathetic NS

Front 41

are of brain that coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord

Back 41

hindbrain

Front 42

an extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates hart rate, circulation, and respiration

Back 42

medulla

Front 43

a brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal

Back 43

reticular formation

Front 44

large structure of the hind brain that controls fine motor skills

Back 44

cerebellum

Front 45

brain structure that relays info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Back 45

pons

Front 46

part of midbrain that orients an organism in the environment

Back 46

tectum

Front 47

part of midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal

Back 47

tegmentum

Front 48

outermost layer of the brain visible to naked eye and divided into two hemispheres

Back 48

cerebral cortex

Front 49

areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain

Back 49

subcortical structures

Front 50

a subcortical structure that relays and filters info from the senses and transmits the info to the cerebral cortex

Back 50

thalamus

Front 51

a subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

Back 51

hypothalamus

Front 52

"master gland"

Back 52

pituitary gland

Front 53

group of forebrain structures involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory

Back 53

limbic system

Front 54

a structure critical for creatin gnew memories and inegrating them into a network of knoledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

Back 54

hippocampus

Front 55

plays central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories

Back 55

amygdala

Front 56

directs intentional movements

Back 56

basal ganglia

Front 57

region of cerebral cortex that processes visual info

Back 57

occipital lobe

Front 58

region of cerebral cortex whose functions include processing inf about touch

Back 58

parietal lobe

Front 59

region of cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

Back 59

temporal lobe

Front 60

region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for mvmt, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment

Back 60

frontal lobe

Front 61

allowed researchers to investigate the functions of the frontal lobe and its connections with emotion centers in the subcortical structures

Back 61

Phineas Gages's metal rod through skull