Psychology Terms, Chapters 3 And 4

Front 1

Number of Chromosomes that the sperm and egg contain

Back 1

46 total, 23 from the father and 23 from the mother

Front 2

Define Mutations and know what purpose they serve

Back 2

Random error in gene replication that leads to a change. Helps support the theory of natural selection

Front 3

According to evolutionary psychologists, what promotes reproductive success?

Back 3

Behaviors, emotions, and fears. Natural selection

Front 4

Identical Twins Vs. Fraternal Twins

Back 4

Identical twins develop from the a single fertilized egg that splits in 2. Fraternal twins develop from seperate fertilized eggs and share fetal environment.

Front 5

Define Teratogen

Back 5

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Front 6

What do developmental psychologists study?

Back 6

Physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the human life cycle.

Front 7

What is temperment?

Back 7

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Front 8

Define Gender Roles

Back 8

expected behavior for males and females

Front 9

Define Roles

Back 9

expectation about social position and behavior in those positions

Front 10

Define Gender

Back 10

Masculine or Feminine

Front 11

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Back 11

FAS- Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children cause by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticable facial misproportions

Front 12

What is the rooting reflex and how can you tell if a child has or does it?

Back 12

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth and search for the nipple.

Front 13

Define Habituation

Back 13

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Front 14

Define Maturation

Back 14

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Front 15

Define Schema

Back 15

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Front 16

Define Assimulation

Back 16

Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.

Front 17

Define accommodation

Back 17

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Front 18

What contributes to children not remembering experiences before the age of 3?

Back 18

"Infantile Amnesia"

Front 19

When do the major organs bein to grow and develop? At what stage of the prenatal development?

Back 19

The embryonic (embryo) stage...about 2 weeks to 6 weeks.

Front 20

Who was Jean Piaget and what is he known for?

Back 20

French developmental psychologist in the 1920's. Known for studying children's developmental processes in their intelligence functions. Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development.

Front 21

What are Piaget's four stages of Cognitive Development? (Sensorimotor stage)

Back 21

Birth-2 years old. Child builds concepts about reality and how it works through physical interaction. Deals with object permanence and separation anxiety

Front 22

What are Piaget's four stages of Cognitive Development? (Preoperational stage)

Back 22

2-7 years old, needs physical situations because the child is unable to conceptualize abstractly yet. Deals with conservation, egocentrism, and theory of mind

Front 23

What are Piaget's four stages of Cognitive Development? (Concrete Operations)

Back 23

Ages 7-11, Child starts to conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his or her physical experiences based upon the physical experience. Deals with Abstract problem solving

Front 24

What are Piaget's four stages of Cognitive Development? (Formal operations)

Back 24

Ages 11-15, Child's cognitive structures are like those of an asult and include conceptual reasoning. Deals with Hypothetical problem solving and deducing consequences.

Front 25

Define Egocentrism

Back 25

refers to Piaget's theory, the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Front 26

Define Attachment

Back 26

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closesness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Front 27

What is stranger anxiety?

Back 27

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning around 8 months of age.

Front 28

Define imprinting

Back 28

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Front 29

What are the major styles of parenting and what are the characteristics?

Back 29

Authoritarian: impose rules and expect obedience.
Permissive: submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment.
Authoritative: Both demanding and responsive, exert control by setting rules and enforcing rules, but explains their reasons.

Front 30

What is adolesence and when does it begin and end?

Back 30

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. Begins with puberty (11 for girls, 13 for boys), they grow out of the adolesent stage at about 25.

Front 31

What are newborns visually more attracted to look at?

Back 31

Faces, bright colors and shapes....lights

Front 32

What affects does the mother's cigarette smoking have on the developments of the baby?

Back 32

Fetus recieves fewer nutrients and may be born underweight and at risk for various problems.

Front 33

When does sexual maturation begin and what are the primary and secondary sex characteristics for both males and females?

Back 33

primary- reproductive oragans and external genitalia develop dramatically at puberty. secondary - breats and hips in girls; facial hair and deepened voice in boys; pubic and underarm hair in both sexes.

Front 34

Who is Kolburg, and what theory did he study and develop?

Back 34

Moral reasoning, "moral ladders"; Preconvential stage
(before age 9)
, convential stage (early adolecense to adult) , and postconventional stage (abstract reasoning age)

Front 35

What are Erik Erikson's stages of development and what is an individual supposed to accomplish at each stage?

Back 35

Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 1 year), Autonomy vs. Shame (1-2)
Initiative vs. Guilt (2-5
Competence vs Inferiority (6- puberty)
Identity vs Role (teen to 20's)
Intimacy vs isolation (20's to 40's)
Generativity vs stagnation (20's to 60's)
integrity vs despair (60's +)

Front 36

What disease is commonly associated with Dementia

Back 36

Alzhiemers disease

Front 37

When are men marrying today and when are women marrying today and how is it different?

Back 37

????

Front 38

Define Crystallized Intelligence

Back 38

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Front 39

Define Fluid Intelligence

Back 39

On'es ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Front 40

Define Menopause

Back 40

Ending of the menstrual cycle

Front 41

When does an infant know its mother's voice?

Back 41

here the muffled voice at 6 months conception...fully recognize mothers right after birth

Front 42

Define Role Identity

Back 42

one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidfy a sense of self by testing and intergrating various roles

Front 43

Define Norms

Back 43

What is culturally acceptable

Front 44

Define Sex

Back 44

??

Front 45

Define culture

Back 45

Everything around you, the way of life, beliefs, values, and behaviors.