Psychology Terms Chapter 4 & 5

Front 1

Who described consciousness as a "stream" or "river"

Back 1

William James

Front 2

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment

Back 2

consciousness

Front 3

A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hourse long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes

Back 3

circadian rythm

Front 4

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythm

Back 4

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Front 5

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness

Back 5

melatonin

Front 6

An instrument that uses elctrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record brain's external activity

Back 6

electroencephalograph

Front 7

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph

Back 7

EEG

Front 8

Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed

Back 8

REM sleep

Front 9

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages

Back 9

NREM sleep

Front 10

Brain-wave patter associated with alert wakefulness

Back 10

beta brain waves

Front 11

brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness

Back 11

alpha brain waves

Front 12

Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during onset of sleep. occurs during transisition from wakefulness to light sleep.

Back 12

hypnagogic hallucinations

Front 13

short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage @ NREM sleep

Back 13

sleep spindles

Front 14

Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep

Back 14

K complex

Front 15

a temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.

Back 15

sleep paralysis

Front 16

A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first oppurtunity to sleep uninterrupted

Back 16

REM rebound

Front 17

The view that sleep and dreaming are essiential to normal physical and mental functioning

Back 17

restorative theory of sleep

Front 18

The view that the unique sleep pattern of different animals are evolved over time to help promote survival and environmenatal adaption

Back 18

adaptive theory of sleep

Front 19

serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress

Back 19

sleep disorders

Front 20

a condition in which a person regularly experiances an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequetly rested by sleep.

Back 20

insomnia

Front 21

a condition in which unpleasent sensation in the lower legs are accompanied by an irresistible urge to move the legs, temporarily relieving the unpleasent sensation but disrupting sleep

Back 21

restless leg syndrome (RLS)

Front 22

a sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

Back 22

sleep apnea

Front 23

a sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage # or stage 4 NREM sleep

Back 23

sleepwalking

Front 24

a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day

Back 24

narcolepsy

Front 25

a sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion

Back 25

cataplexy

Front 26

repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep

Back 26

sleep thinking

Front 27

a storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep

Back 27

dream

Front 28

a category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness

Back 28

barbiturates

Front 29

depressant drugs that relieve anxiety

Back 29

tranquilizers

Front 30

A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties

Back 30

opiates

Front 31

a category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness

Back 31

stimulants

Front 32

a class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervouse system and suppress appetite

Back 32

amphetamines

Front 33

a stimulant drug derived drom the coca tree

Back 33

coacine

Front 34

a category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking

Back 34

psychedelic drugs

Front 35

a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experiance

Back 35

learning

Front 36

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

Back 36

conditioning

Front 37

Psychologists who used dogs to investagate the role of saliva in digestion

Back 37

Ivan Pavlov

Front 38

the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

Back 38

classical conditioning

Front 39

Th neutral stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for proir learning

Back 39

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Front 40

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Back 40

unconditioned response (UCR)

Front 41

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response

Back 41

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 42

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus

Back 42

conditioned response (CR)

Front 43

The basic learning process that involves changing the probaility that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response

Back 43

operant conditioning

Front 44

The occurence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated

Back 44

reinforcement

Front 45

a situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations

Back 45

postive reinforcement

Front 46

A stituation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations

Back 46

negative reinforcement

Front 47

A stinulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities

Back 47

primary reinforcer

Front 48

A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer

Back 48

conditioned reinforcer

Front 49

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resisitant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement

Back 49

partial reinforcement effect

Front 50

The delivery of a reinforcer according to a present pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses

Back 50

schedule of reinforcement

Front 51

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delievered after a fixed number or responses has occured

Back 51

fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

Front 52

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcement is delieverd after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial

Back 52

variable-ratio (VR) schedule

Front 53

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delievered for the first response that occurs after a present time interval has elapsed

Back 53

fixed-interval (FI)

Front 54

a reinforcment schedule in which a reinforcer is deliever for the first repsonse that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial

Back 54

variable-interval (VI) schedule