Psychology Terms And Figures

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behaviorism

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Psychological school of thought that focuses

entirely on observable behaviors. Does not presume the existence of a mind independent of observable behavior.

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classical (Pavlovian) conditioning

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Form of conditioning first discussed by Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov in which a neutral,

conditioned stimulus (bell) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (dog food) until the conditioned stimulus (bell) prompts the same response (salivation) as the unconditioned stimulus (dog food).

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collective unconscious

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In Jungian psychology, a part of the

unconscious mind shared by a society,

a people, or all humankind, that is the product of ancestral experience and contains such concepts as science, religion, and morality.

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ego

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In Freudian theory, the conscious component of the psyche that attempts to incorporate the urges of the id with the limitations of

conscience and the superego.

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id

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In Freudian theory, the division of the psyche that is totally unconscious and serves as the source of instinctual impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of primitive needs.

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operant conditioning

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A form of conditioning in which the operator acts independently and desirable behaviors are reinforced.

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phenomenology

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A method of inquiry based on inspection of one's own conscious thought processes.

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superego

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In Freudian theory, the division of the

unconscious that is formed through the

internalization of moral standards of parents and society; censors and restrains the ego.

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Adler, Alfred (1870-1937)

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American psychoanalyst who focused on birth order and feelings of inferiority and

superiority as unconscious drives.

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Chomsky, Noam (1928- )

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American philosopher and linguist. Believes in an innate "deep structure" to language.

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Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939)

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Austrian founder of psychoanalytic thought, which presupposes the existence of an

unconscious that exists independently of

conscious thought.

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Jung, Carl (1875-1961)

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Swiss psychoanalyst who departed from Freud's emphasis on the sexual nature of unconscious thought. Developed theories of personality types and the collective unconscious.

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Skinner, B. F. (1904-1990)

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American behaviorist who believed all behavior could be understood in terms of operant conditioning.

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Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958)

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American psychologist who first developed behaviorist thought.