Psychology Super Review 2 Assessing Intelligence And Personality

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Assessment

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Is an information-gathering process that leads to decisions concerning classification, placement, and treatment. Tests, observations, and interviews are the most common procedures used in the assessment process.

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Psychological test

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An objective, standardized measure of a sample of behavior.

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The three criteria that any good psychological test must meet

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Standardized, reliable, and valid.

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Standardization

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Involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and developing norms for the test.

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Uniform procedures

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Require that the testing environment, test directions, test items, amount of time allowed be as similar as possible for all individuals who take the test.

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Norms

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Are established standards of performance for a test. Norms inform us about which scores are considered high, average, or low.

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Percentile score

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Indicates the percentage of people who scored below a score that one has attained.

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Reliability

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A measure of consistency of a person's test scores.

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Test-retest reliability

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Giving the same individuals the same test on two different occasions. If the results are similar, then the test is considered to have goof test-retest reliability.

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Split-half reliability

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Individuals take only one test, but the test items are divided into two halves and performance on each half is compared. If individuals performed about equally well on each half of the test, the test has good split-half reliability.

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Alternate-form reliability

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Two alternate forms of the test are administered on two different occasions. Test items on the two forms are similar, but not identical. If each person's score is similar on the two tests, alternate form reliability is high.

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Correlation coefficients

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Are sometimes used to represent reliability.

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A valid test

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Is one that measures what it purports to measure.

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Content validity

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The test's ability to cover the complete range of material (or content) that is supposed to measure.

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Criterion validity

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Compares test scores to actual performance on another direct and independent measure of what the test is supposed to measure.

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Predictive validity

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A form of criterion validity. How well a test score predicts an individual's performance at some time in the future.

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Face validity

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How well the test and test items appear to be relevant.

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Construct validity

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How well a test appears to represent a theoretical or hypothetical construct. It is the extent to which scores on a test behave in accordance with a theory about the construct of interest.

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Aptitude test

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Attempts to measure a person's capability for mastering an area of knowledge.

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Achievement tests

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Assess the amount of knowledge someone has already acquired in a specific area.

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Some definitions of intelligence

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- The capacity to acquire and use knowledge.

- The total body of acquired knowledge.

- The ability to arrive at innovative solutions to problems.

- The ability to deal effectively with one's environment.

- Knowledge of one's culture.

- The ability to do well in school.

- It is the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.

- Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure.

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The first effective test of intelligence was devised in the early 1900's by French psychologist ____________

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Alfred Binet

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Mental age

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Notion developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in the 1908 revision of the Binet Simon scale. It is a measure of a child's intellectual level that is independent of the child's chronological age.

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Version of intelligence test used today is the _____________________

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Stanford-Binet.

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Two basic extremes of intellectual performance

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Mental retardation and giftedness. They demonstrate the extreme left and right of the normal distribution for intelligence.

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In order to be considered mentally retarded an individual must have these features

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Intellectual functioning must be significantly below average. Today intelligence test scores of below 70 are considered significantly below average.

Significant deficits in adaptive functioning must be evident. Adaptive functioning refers to social competence or independent behavior that is expected based on chronological age.

Onset must be prior to age 18.

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Four general categories of mental retardation are

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Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Profound

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Mild

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Occurs in approximately 85% of the mentally retarded population. IQ range is 50-70. Characteristics are that they may complete the 6th grade academically; may learn vocational skills and hold a job; may live independently as an adult.

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Moderate

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Occurs in approximately 10% of the mentally retarded population. IQ range is 35-49. Characteristics are that they may complete 2nd grade academically; can learn social and occupational skills; may hold job in sheltered workshops.

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Severe

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Occurs in approximately 3-4% of the mentally retarded population. IQ range is 20-34 Characteristics are that they may learn to talk or communicate; through repetition may learn basic health habits; often need help for simple tasks.

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Profound

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Occurs in approximately 1% of the mentally retarded population. IQ is less than 20. Characteristics are that there is little or no speech; may learn limited self-help skills; requires constant help and supervision.

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Causes of mental retardation

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There are hundreds of known causes. Many of them are biological, genetic, chromosomal, prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal in origin. Mental retardation can also result from environmental influences such as sensory or maternal deprivation.

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Giftedness

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Is often defined as having an intelligence of 120 to 130 or higher.

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Creativity

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is the ability to think about something novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

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Divergent thinking

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The ability to generate many different by plausible responses to problems.

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Convergent thinking

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Is the ability to produce one correct answer.

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Reaction range

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Implies that genetics may limit or define a potential range of IQ but that environment can influence where along this range an individual's IQ score falls.

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Psychologists use personality tests for four different reasons

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- To aid in the diagnosis of psychological disorders

- To counsel people

- To select employees

- To conduct research

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There are three major categories of personality tests

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Self-report inventories, projective tests, and behavioral assessment.

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Self-report inventories

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Instruct people to answer questions about themselves - about their characteristic behaviors, beliefs, and feelings.

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Projective tests

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Are personality tests that present an ambiguous stimulus that subjects are asked to describe or explain. The assumption is that people respond by projecting their own inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts into the test materials.

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Behavioral assessment

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Attempts to obtain more objective information about personality by observing an individual's behavior directly.