• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/215

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

215 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
outward or overt actions and reactions
Behavior
internal, covert activity of our minds
Mental Processes
Psychology is a science? True or False?
True
Know the goals of Psychology
Description
What is happening?
Explanation
Why is it happening?
Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts
Prediction
Will it happen again?
Control
How can it be changed?
focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. Edward Titchener.
Structuralism
First psychologist, and had a laboratory in Germany of 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt
Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities.
Edward Titchener
William James studied _________?
Functionalism. James believed that trying to study consciousness was like trying to study the wind. Conscious ideas are constantly flowing in an ever-changing stream, and once you start thinking about what you were just thinking about, what you were thinking about is no longer what you were thinking about, it’s what you are thinking about, and . . . excuse me, I’m a little dizzy. I think you get the picture, anyway.
how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.
Proposed by William James.
Functionalism
Examples of modern fields of psychology:
Educational psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Industrial/organizational psychology
the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud.
Psychoanalysis - Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no found physical cause.
Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires.
He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders.
Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experiences.
the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. Must be directly seen and measure.
Behaviorism - Based much from work of Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned)
Watson believed that phobias were learned.
Case of “Little Albert” – taught to fear a white rat.
_______ proposed by John B. Watson
Behaviorism
modern version of psychoanalysis.
More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior than sexual motivations
Psychodynamic perspective
____________ Perspective. - B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior.
Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth century.
Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism.
Behavioral perspective
Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy.
Humanists held the view that people have free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny.
Humanistic perspective - Founders r Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers (Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be.)
attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.
Biopsychological perspective
focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information; became a major force in the field in the 1960’s. Focus includes memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning
Cognitive perspective
Another modern perspective in psychology is the _____________ _____________, which actually combines two areas of study: social psychology, which is the study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions, and relationships; and cultural psychology, which is the study of cultural norms,* values, and expectations.
sociocultural perspective
achieving one’s full potential or actual self.
Self-actualization
focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does.
Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value.
Evolutionary perspective
a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Psychiatrist
either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalyst
a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.
Psychiatric social worker
a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology.
Can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology.
Areas of specialization in psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, social, and personality, among others.
Psychologist
system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.
Scientific method
Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Perceive the question.
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions
5. Report results
watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment.
Naturalistic observation
people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias).
Each naturalistic setting is unique and observations may not hold.
Blind observers
tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
Observer effect
a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect).
Participant observation
- tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
Observer bias
watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting.
Laboratory observation
a measure of the relationship between two variables
Correlation
anything that can change or vary.
Variable
Measures of two variables go into a mathematical formula and produce a ___________ __________, which represents two things:
direction of the relationship.
strength of the relationship.
correlation coefficient
variables are related in the same direction.
As one increases, the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases.
Positive correlation
variables are related in opposite direction.
As one increases, the other decreases.
Negative correlation
all individuals of interest
Population
a part of the population
Sample
randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects; sample comprises relevant psychological/physical/psychological characteristics comparable to the population
Representative sample
the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior.
Placebo effect
subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group (reduces placebo effect).
Single-blind study
tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.
Experimenter effect
neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if the subjects are in the experimental or control group (reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect).
Double-blind study
- not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to the experimental and control groups (for example, if age is the variable of interest).
Quasiexperimental designs
Controls the body and interprets sensory input
Brain
Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system
Spinal cord
Transmits information to and from the central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure
Autonomic nervous system
Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy
Parasympathetic division
Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress
Sympathetic division
a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue, especially focusing on their relationship
to behavior and learning
Neuroscience
the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system.
Neurons
branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons.
Dendrites
the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell.
Soma
long tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells.
Axon
grey fatty cells that: provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and daed neurons.
Glial cells
fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse.
Myelin
Food for Thought (absorb this info)
“…axons of neurons found in the body are also coated with a thin membrane called the neurilemma, or Schwann’s membrane. This membrane, which surrounds the axon and the myelin sheath, serves as a tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves.” That’s why a severed toe might actually regain some function and feeling if sewn back on in time. Unfortunately, axons of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord do not have this coating and are, therefore, more likely to be permanently damaged.”
the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.
Resting potential
the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon. Allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell.
Action potential
referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all.
Return to resting potential.
All-or-none
charged particles.
Inside neuron – negatively charged.
Outside neuron – positively charged.
Ions
During the resting potential, the neuron is negatively charged inside and positively charged outside.
The Neuron at Rest
The action potential occurs when positive sodium ions enter into the cell, causing a reversal of the electrical charge from negative to positive.
The Neural Impulse
as the action potential moves down the axon toward the axon terminals, the cell areas behind the action potential return to their resting state of a negative charge as the positive sodium ions are pumped to the outside of the cell, and the positive potassium ions rapidly leave.
The Neural Impulse Continues
branches at the end of the axon.
Axon terminals
rounded areas on the end of axon terminals
Synaptic knob
sack-like structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals.
Synaptic vesicles
chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell.
Neurotransmitters
microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell.
Synapse/synaptic gap
holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.
Receptor sites
neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire.
Excitatory neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell.
Agonists
block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters
Antagonists
process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
Reuptake
a complex protein that is manufactured by cells.
One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly, so reuptake would be too slow.
Enzyme
Reuptake explanation
“The neurotransmitters have to get out of the receptor sites before the next stimulation can occur. Most neurotransmitters will end up back in the synaptic vesicles in a process called reuptake. (Think of a little suction tube, sucking the chemicals back into the vesicles.) That way, the synapse is cleared for the next release of neurotransmitters. Some drugs, like cocaine, affect the nervous system by blocking the reuptake process.”
part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Central nervous system (CNS)
a long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes.
Spinal cord
a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system.
Also called afferent neuron.
Sensory neuron
a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
Also called efferent neuron.
Motor neuron
a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons.
They also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain
Interneuron
all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself; divided into the: Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body
Somatic nervous system
division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.
Autonomic nervous system
Soma = ______
Body
division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body
Somatic nervous system
division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal.
Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)
part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands.
Parasympathetic division
insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire.
Deep lesioning
milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had received a message.
Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
These are four methods researchers use to study the brain:
EEGs, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans.
Record of the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain.
Computed tomography (CT)
brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.
Medulla
the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal.
Pons
an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for selective attention.
Reticular formation (RF)
part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement
Cerebellum
a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation.
Limbic system
part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.
Thalamus
two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below.
Olfactory bulbs
small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.
Sits above and controls the pituitary gland (master endocrine gland).
Hypothalamus
curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects.
Hippocampus
brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear.
Amygdala
outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
Cortex
wrinkling of the cortex.
Allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull.
Corticalization
sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations.
Parietal lobes
areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.
Temporal lobes
identifies and makes sense of auditory information.
Auditory association cortex
areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.
Frontal lobes
The ____ _____ in the frontal lobe controls the voluntary muscles of the body. Cells at the top of the motor cortex control muscles at the bottom of the body, whereas cells at the bottom of the motor cortex control muscles at the top of the body. Body parts are drawn larger or smaller according to the number of cortical cells devoted to that body part. For example, the hand has many small muscles and requires a larger area of cortical cells to control
motor cortex
The ______ located in the parietal lobe just behind the motor cortex, is organized in much the same manner and receives information about the sense of touch and body position.
somatosensory cortex
the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them.
Cerebrum
Study of patients with severed corpus callosum.
Involves sending messages to only one side of the brain.
Demonstrates right and left brain specialization.
Split brain research
Side of brain that seems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities, processes information sequentially, can speak.
Left side of the brain
Side of brain that controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions, processes information globally, cannot speak.
Right side of the brain
he sensory receptors are specialized forms of neurons, the
cells that make up the nervous system.
Just noticeable difference is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time.
Sensory receptors
_______ ________ is the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present.
Weber’s law of just noticeable differences states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is always a constant.
Absolute threshold
stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness.
Just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors but not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them.
Subliminal stimuli
Limin
“threshold”
Sublimin
“below the threshold"
process by why subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind, influencing behavior.
Subliminal perception
tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.
Habituation
tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.
Sensory adaptation
the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.
Perception
the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.
Size constancy
the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.
Shape constancy
the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.
Brightness constancy
_______ _______ relationships refer to the tendency to perceive objects, or figures as existing, on some background.
Figure-ground
is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same grouping.
Proximity
refers to the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group. This is one reason why sports teams wear uniforms that are all the same color—it allows people viewing the game to perceive them as one group even when they are scattered around the field or court.
Similarity
the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
Closure
refers to the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.
Continuity
is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related. Usually the first occurring event is seen as causing the second event.
Contiguity
the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.
Linear perspective
perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away.
Relative size
the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer.
Interposition (overlap)
the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.
Aerial perspective
the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases.
Texture gradient
the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away.
Motion parallax
the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions.
Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.
Top-down processing
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception.
Bottom-up processing
___________ is your awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior including thoughts, sensations, and feelings.
Consciousness
The moon illusion - look over in depth
Another common illusion is the moon illusion, in which the moon on the horizon* appears to be much larger than the moon in the sky (Plug & Ross, 1994). One explanation for this is that the moon high in the sky is all alone, with no cues for depth surrounding it. But on the horizon, the moon appears behind trees and houses, cues for depth that make the horizon seem very far away. The moon is seen as being behind these objects and, therefore, farther away from the viewer.
a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment
Consciousness
state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert
Waking consciousness
state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.
Altered state of consciousness
a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period.
“circa” – about
“diem” – day
Circadian rhythm
tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system.
Hypothalamus
deep within the hypothalamus; the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. Tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin, which makes a person feel sleepy.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
Microsleeps
any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.
Sleep deprivation
theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.
Adaptive theory
theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage
Restorative theory
Information about sleep to know in depth
Infants need far more sleep than older children and adults. Both REM sleep and NREM sleep decrease dramatically in the first 10 years of life, with the greatest decrease in REM sleep. Nearly 50 percent of an infant’s sleep is REM, compared to only about 20 percent for a normal, healthy adult.
allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered.
Beta waves – brain waves that indicate a state of alertness
Alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.
Theta waves - brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep.
Delta waves - long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM.
NREM (non-REM) sleep
Stage One of Sleep
light sleep.
May experience:
hypnagogic images – vivid visual events.
hypnic jerk – knees, legs, or whole body jerks.
Stage Two of Sleep
sleep spindles (brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two).
Stages Three and Four of Sleep
delta waves pronounced.
Deep sleep – when 50%+ of waves are delta waves.
stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. Body temperature increases to near waking levels, the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids, the heart beats much faster, and brain waves resemble beta waves—the kind of brain activity that usually signals wakefulness. If wakened during REM, almost always report a dream. Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
Rapid eye movement (REM)
relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully. Occurs typically with children. Likely to disappear as child grows older.
Night terrors
occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep.
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
_______ are bad dreams, and some nightmares can be utterly terrifying. Children tend to have more nightmares than adults do because they spend more of their sleep in the REM state, as discussed earlier.
Nightmares
the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.
Insomnia
disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more.
Sleep apnea
sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.
Narcolepsy
sudden loss of muscle tone.
Cataplexy
dreams as wish fulfillment.
Freud
the actual dream itself.
Manifest content
the true, hidden meaning of a dream.
Manifest content
explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.
Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.
Hypnosis
Four Elements of Hypnosis:
1. The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said.
2. The person is told to relax and feel tired.
3. The hypnotist tells the person to “let go” and accept suggestions easily.
4. The person is told to use vivid imagination.
hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden “observer” remained aware of all that was going on.
Hypnosis as dissociation
theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory.
Psychoactive drugs
Tolerance and Withdrawal are symptoms of ________ _________.
Physical Dependence
more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect.
Tolerance
physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.
Withdrawal
the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being
Psychological dependence
drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.
Stimulants
drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature.
Amphetamines
natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure.
Cocaine
active ingredient in tobacco
Nicotine
the stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over-the-counter drugs.
Caffeine
drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.
Depressants
depressant drugs that have a sedative effect
Barbiturates
drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress
Benzodiazepines
the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.
Often confused as a stimulant but actually a depressant on CNS.
Alcohol
a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.
Narcotics
substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived
Opium
narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.
Morphine
narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.
Heroin
How do drugs like alcohol, barbiturates, morphine and heroine impact sleep?
Generally, chemical agents reduce the amount of REM during sleep periods. Even if a drug like alcohol increases sleep overall, REM will still be decreased. Following a reduction in REM or withdrawal from a chemical agent, the individual is likely to experience increased REM, or what is referred to as “REM rebound.”
drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.
Psychogenic drugs
drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
Hallucinogens
powerful synthetic hallucinogen.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.
PCP
designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.
MDMA (Ecstasy or X)
drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.
Mescaline - natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.
Stimulatory hallucinogenics
natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.
Mescaline
natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms.
Psilocybin
mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant.
Marijuana (pot or weed)
Type of stress disorder. MDMA can be useful in PTSD therapy, because ingestion of the drug results in a state of openness and trust—emotional characteristics typically usurped by a traumatic event, yet necessary for successful cognitive-behavioral therapy. Additionally, ecstasy inspires these openness and trust without hallucination or paranoia.
Ecstasy and Post-traumatic stress disorder