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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology
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outward or overt actions and reactions
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Behavior
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internal, covert activity of our minds
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Mental Processes
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Psychology is a science? True or False?
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True
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Know the goals of Psychology
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Description
What is happening? Explanation Why is it happening? Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts Prediction Will it happen again? Control How can it be changed? |
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focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. Edward Titchener.
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Structuralism
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First psychologist, and had a laboratory in Germany of 1879.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities.
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Edward Titchener
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William James studied _________?
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Functionalism. James believed that trying to study consciousness was like trying to study the wind. Conscious ideas are constantly flowing in an ever-changing stream, and once you start thinking about what you were just thinking about, what you were thinking about is no longer what you were thinking about, it’s what you are thinking about, and . . . excuse me, I’m a little dizzy. I think you get the picture, anyway.
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how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.
Proposed by William James. |
Functionalism
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Examples of modern fields of psychology:
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Educational psychology
Evolutionary psychology Industrial/organizational psychology |
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the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud.
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Psychoanalysis - Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no found physical cause.
Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires. He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders. Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experiences. |
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the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. Must be directly seen and measure.
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Behaviorism - Based much from work of Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned)
Watson believed that phobias were learned. Case of “Little Albert” – taught to fear a white rat. |
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_______ proposed by John B. Watson
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Behaviorism
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modern version of psychoanalysis.
More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior than sexual motivations |
Psychodynamic perspective
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____________ Perspective. - B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior.
Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth century. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism. |
Behavioral perspective
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Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy.
Humanists held the view that people have free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny. |
Humanistic perspective - Founders r Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers (Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be.)
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attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.
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Biopsychological perspective
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focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information; became a major force in the field in the 1960’s. Focus includes memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning
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Cognitive perspective
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Another modern perspective in psychology is the _____________ _____________, which actually combines two areas of study: social psychology, which is the study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions, and relationships; and cultural psychology, which is the study of cultural norms,* values, and expectations.
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sociocultural perspective
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achieving one’s full potential or actual self.
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Self-actualization
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focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does. Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value. |
Evolutionary perspective
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a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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Psychiatrist
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either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.
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Psychoanalyst
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a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.
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Psychiatric social worker
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a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology.
Can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology. Areas of specialization in psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, social, and personality, among others. |
Psychologist
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system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.
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Scientific method
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Steps in the Scientific Method
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1. Perceive the question.
2. Form a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Draw conclusions 5. Report results |
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watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment.
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Naturalistic observation
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people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias).
Each naturalistic setting is unique and observations may not hold. |
Blind observers
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tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
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Observer effect
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a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect).
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Participant observation
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- tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
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Observer bias
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watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting.
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Laboratory observation
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a measure of the relationship between two variables
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Correlation
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anything that can change or vary.
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Variable
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Measures of two variables go into a mathematical formula and produce a ___________ __________, which represents two things:
direction of the relationship. strength of the relationship. |
correlation coefficient
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variables are related in the same direction.
As one increases, the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases. |
Positive correlation
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variables are related in opposite direction.
As one increases, the other decreases. |
Negative correlation
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all individuals of interest
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Population
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a part of the population
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Sample
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randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects; sample comprises relevant psychological/physical/psychological characteristics comparable to the population
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Representative sample
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the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior.
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Placebo effect
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subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group (reduces placebo effect).
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Single-blind study
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tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.
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Experimenter effect
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neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if the subjects are in the experimental or control group (reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect).
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Double-blind study
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- not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to the experimental and control groups (for example, if age is the variable of interest).
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Quasiexperimental designs
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Controls the body and interprets sensory input
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Brain
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Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system
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Spinal cord
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Transmits information to and from the central nervous system
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peripheral nervous system
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Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure
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Autonomic nervous system
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Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles
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Somatic nervous system
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Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy
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Parasympathetic division
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Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress
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Sympathetic division
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a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue, especially focusing on their relationship
to behavior and learning |
Neuroscience
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the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system.
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Neurons
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branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons.
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Dendrites
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the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell.
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Soma
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long tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells.
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Axon
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grey fatty cells that: provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and daed neurons.
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Glial cells
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fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse.
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Myelin
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Food for Thought (absorb this info)
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“…axons of neurons found in the body are also coated with a thin membrane called the neurilemma, or Schwann’s membrane. This membrane, which surrounds the axon and the myelin sheath, serves as a tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves.” That’s why a severed toe might actually regain some function and feeling if sewn back on in time. Unfortunately, axons of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord do not have this coating and are, therefore, more likely to be permanently damaged.”
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the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.
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Resting potential
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the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon. Allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell.
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Action potential
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referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all.
Return to resting potential. |
All-or-none
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charged particles.
Inside neuron – negatively charged. Outside neuron – positively charged. |
Ions
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During the resting potential, the neuron is negatively charged inside and positively charged outside.
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The Neuron at Rest
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The action potential occurs when positive sodium ions enter into the cell, causing a reversal of the electrical charge from negative to positive.
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The Neural Impulse
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as the action potential moves down the axon toward the axon terminals, the cell areas behind the action potential return to their resting state of a negative charge as the positive sodium ions are pumped to the outside of the cell, and the positive potassium ions rapidly leave.
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The Neural Impulse Continues
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branches at the end of the axon.
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Axon terminals
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rounded areas on the end of axon terminals
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Synaptic knob
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sack-like structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals.
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Synaptic vesicles
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chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell.
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Neurotransmitters
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microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell.
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Synapse/synaptic gap
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holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.
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Receptor sites
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neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire.
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Excitatory neurotransmitter
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neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing.
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter
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mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell.
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Agonists
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block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters
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Antagonists
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process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
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Reuptake
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a complex protein that is manufactured by cells.
One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly, so reuptake would be too slow. |
Enzyme
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Reuptake explanation
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“The neurotransmitters have to get out of the receptor sites before the next stimulation can occur. Most neurotransmitters will end up back in the synaptic vesicles in a process called reuptake. (Think of a little suction tube, sucking the chemicals back into the vesicles.) That way, the synapse is cleared for the next release of neurotransmitters. Some drugs, like cocaine, affect the nervous system by blocking the reuptake process.”
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part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Central nervous system (CNS)
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a long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes.
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Spinal cord
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a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system.
Also called afferent neuron. |
Sensory neuron
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a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
Also called efferent neuron. |
Motor neuron
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a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons.
They also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain |
Interneuron
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all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself; divided into the: Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body
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Somatic nervous system
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division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.
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Autonomic nervous system
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Soma = ______
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Body
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division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body
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Somatic nervous system
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division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal.
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Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)
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part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands.
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Parasympathetic division
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insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire.
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Deep lesioning
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milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had received a message.
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Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
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These are four methods researchers use to study the brain:
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EEGs, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans.
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Record of the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain.
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain.
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Computed tomography (CT)
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brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity.
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.
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Medulla
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the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal.
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Pons
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an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for selective attention.
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Reticular formation (RF)
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part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement
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Cerebellum
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a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation.
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Limbic system
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part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.
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Thalamus
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two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below.
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Olfactory bulbs
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small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.
Sits above and controls the pituitary gland (master endocrine gland). |
Hypothalamus
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curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects.
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Hippocampus
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brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear.
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Amygdala
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outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
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Cortex
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wrinkling of the cortex.
Allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull. |
Corticalization
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sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations.
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Parietal lobes
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areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.
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Temporal lobes
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identifies and makes sense of auditory information.
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Auditory association cortex
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areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.
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Frontal lobes
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The ____ _____ in the frontal lobe controls the voluntary muscles of the body. Cells at the top of the motor cortex control muscles at the bottom of the body, whereas cells at the bottom of the motor cortex control muscles at the top of the body. Body parts are drawn larger or smaller according to the number of cortical cells devoted to that body part. For example, the hand has many small muscles and requires a larger area of cortical cells to control
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motor cortex
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The ______ located in the parietal lobe just behind the motor cortex, is organized in much the same manner and receives information about the sense of touch and body position.
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somatosensory cortex
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the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them.
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Cerebrum
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Study of patients with severed corpus callosum.
Involves sending messages to only one side of the brain. Demonstrates right and left brain specialization. |
Split brain research
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Side of brain that seems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities, processes information sequentially, can speak.
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Left side of the brain
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Side of brain that controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions, processes information globally, cannot speak.
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Right side of the brain
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he sensory receptors are specialized forms of neurons, the
cells that make up the nervous system. Just noticeable difference is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time. |
Sensory receptors
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_______ ________ is the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present.
Weber’s law of just noticeable differences states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is always a constant. |
Absolute threshold
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stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness.
Just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors but not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them. |
Subliminal stimuli
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Limin
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“threshold”
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Sublimin
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“below the threshold"
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process by why subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind, influencing behavior.
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Subliminal perception
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tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.
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Habituation
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tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.
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Sensory adaptation
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the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.
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Perception
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the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.
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Size constancy
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the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.
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Shape constancy
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the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.
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Brightness constancy
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_______ _______ relationships refer to the tendency to perceive objects, or figures as existing, on some background.
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Figure-ground
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is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same grouping.
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Proximity
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refers to the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group. This is one reason why sports teams wear uniforms that are all the same color—it allows people viewing the game to perceive them as one group even when they are scattered around the field or court.
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Similarity
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the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
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Closure
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refers to the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.
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Continuity
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is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related. Usually the first occurring event is seen as causing the second event.
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Contiguity
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the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.
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Linear perspective
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perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away.
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Relative size
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the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer.
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Interposition (overlap)
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the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.
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Aerial perspective
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the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases.
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Texture gradient
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the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away.
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Motion parallax
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the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions.
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Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)
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the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.
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Top-down processing
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the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception.
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Bottom-up processing
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___________ is your awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior including thoughts, sensations, and feelings.
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Consciousness
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The moon illusion - look over in depth
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Another common illusion is the moon illusion, in which the moon on the horizon* appears to be much larger than the moon in the sky (Plug & Ross, 1994). One explanation for this is that the moon high in the sky is all alone, with no cues for depth surrounding it. But on the horizon, the moon appears behind trees and houses, cues for depth that make the horizon seem very far away. The moon is seen as being behind these objects and, therefore, farther away from the viewer.
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a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment
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Consciousness
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state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert
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Waking consciousness
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state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.
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Altered state of consciousness
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a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period.
“circa” – about “diem” – day |
Circadian rhythm
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tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system.
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Hypothalamus
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deep within the hypothalamus; the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. Tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin, which makes a person feel sleepy.
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
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Microsleeps
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any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.
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Sleep deprivation
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theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.
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Adaptive theory
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theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage
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Restorative theory
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Information about sleep to know in depth
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Infants need far more sleep than older children and adults. Both REM sleep and NREM sleep decrease dramatically in the first 10 years of life, with the greatest decrease in REM sleep. Nearly 50 percent of an infant’s sleep is REM, compared to only about 20 percent for a normal, healthy adult.
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allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered.
Beta waves – brain waves that indicate a state of alertness Alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep. Theta waves - brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep. Delta waves - long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep. |
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
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any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM.
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NREM (non-REM) sleep
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Stage One of Sleep
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light sleep.
May experience: hypnagogic images – vivid visual events. hypnic jerk – knees, legs, or whole body jerks. |
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Stage Two of Sleep
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sleep spindles (brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two).
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Stages Three and Four of Sleep
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delta waves pronounced.
Deep sleep – when 50%+ of waves are delta waves. |
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stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. Body temperature increases to near waking levels, the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids, the heart beats much faster, and brain waves resemble beta waves—the kind of brain activity that usually signals wakefulness. If wakened during REM, almost always report a dream. Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
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Rapid eye movement (REM)
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relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully. Occurs typically with children. Likely to disappear as child grows older.
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Night terrors
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occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep.
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Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
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_______ are bad dreams, and some nightmares can be utterly terrifying. Children tend to have more nightmares than adults do because they spend more of their sleep in the REM state, as discussed earlier.
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Nightmares
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the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.
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Insomnia
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disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more.
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Sleep apnea
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sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.
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Narcolepsy
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sudden loss of muscle tone.
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Cataplexy
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dreams as wish fulfillment.
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Freud
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the actual dream itself.
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Manifest content
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the true, hidden meaning of a dream.
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Manifest content
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explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
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Activation-synthesis hypothesis
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revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.
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Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
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state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.
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Hypnosis
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Four Elements of Hypnosis:
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1. The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said.
2. The person is told to relax and feel tired. 3. The hypnotist tells the person to “let go” and accept suggestions easily. 4. The person is told to use vivid imagination. |
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hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden “observer” remained aware of all that was going on.
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Hypnosis as dissociation
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theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.
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Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
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drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory.
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Psychoactive drugs
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Tolerance and Withdrawal are symptoms of ________ _________.
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Physical Dependence
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more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect.
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Tolerance
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physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.
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Withdrawal
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the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being
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Psychological dependence
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drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.
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Stimulants
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drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature.
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Amphetamines
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natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure.
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Cocaine
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active ingredient in tobacco
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Nicotine
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the stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over-the-counter drugs.
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Caffeine
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drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.
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Depressants
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depressant drugs that have a sedative effect
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Barbiturates
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drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress
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Benzodiazepines
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the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.
Often confused as a stimulant but actually a depressant on CNS. |
Alcohol
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a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.
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Narcotics
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substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived
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Opium
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narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.
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Morphine
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narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.
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Heroin
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How do drugs like alcohol, barbiturates, morphine and heroine impact sleep?
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Generally, chemical agents reduce the amount of REM during sleep periods. Even if a drug like alcohol increases sleep overall, REM will still be decreased. Following a reduction in REM or withdrawal from a chemical agent, the individual is likely to experience increased REM, or what is referred to as “REM rebound.”
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drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.
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Psychogenic drugs
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drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
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Hallucinogens
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powerful synthetic hallucinogen.
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
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synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.
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PCP
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designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.
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MDMA (Ecstasy or X)
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drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.
Mescaline - natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons. |
Stimulatory hallucinogenics
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natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.
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Mescaline
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natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms.
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Psilocybin
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mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant.
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Marijuana (pot or weed)
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Type of stress disorder. MDMA can be useful in PTSD therapy, because ingestion of the drug results in a state of openness and trust—emotional characteristics typically usurped by a traumatic event, yet necessary for successful cognitive-behavioral therapy. Additionally, ecstasy inspires these openness and trust without hallucination or paranoia.
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Ecstasy and Post-traumatic stress disorder
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