Psychology States Of Consciousness

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consciousness

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an awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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circadian rhythm

Back 2

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

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REM sleep

Back 3

a recurring sleep state during which vivid dreams occur. also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

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alpha waves

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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

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sleep

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periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

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hallucinations

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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

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delta waves

Back 7

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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NREM sleep

Back 8

encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

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insomnia

Back 9

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

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narcolepsy

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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

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sleep apnea

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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

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night terrors

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a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

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dream

Back 13

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. they are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

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manifest content

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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its hidden content.

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latent content

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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream.

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REM rebound

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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakening during REM sleep.)

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hypnosis

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a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

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posthypnotic suggestion

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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

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dissociation

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a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

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psychoactive drug

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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

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tolerance

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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.

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withdrawal

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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

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physical dependence

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a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

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psychological dependence

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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.

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addiction

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compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.

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depressants

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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

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barbiturates

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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

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opiates

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opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

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stimulants

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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

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amphetamines

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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

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methamphetamine

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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

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ecstasy (MDMA)

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a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

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hallucinogens

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psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

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LSD

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a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid.

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near-death experience

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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

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THC

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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.