Psychology Social Psychology

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Aggression

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Behavior whose purpose is to harm another

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Premeditated aggression

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When people consciously decide to use aggression to achieve their goals

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Impulsive aggression

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When people aggress spontaneously without premeditation

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Frustration-aggression principle

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People aggress when their goals are thwarted

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Cooperation

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Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

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Altruism

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Behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

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Reciprocal altruism

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The idea of scratch my back and I'll scratch yours

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Genuine altruism

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Helping another expecting nothing in return

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Group

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A collection of two or more people who believe that have something in common

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Prejudice

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A positive or negative thought of another person based on his or her group management

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Discrimination

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Positive or negative actions toward another person based on his or her group membership

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Deindividuation

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Immersion in group cause people to become less aware of their individual values. One becomes somewhat anonymous

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Diffusion of responsibility

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Feel diminished responsibility for actions because others are acting the same way or because you assume others will act

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Social loafing

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We exert less energy when we are in a group

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Bystander effect

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Believing someone else will do an action so you don't have to

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Conformity

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Tendency to conform to the group

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Group think

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Extreme form of conformity that occurs in close groups. Members think alike and suppress all doubt and dissent.

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Selectivity for reproduction

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Reproductive biology may be the reason for gender differences in the selection of reproductive and sexual partners

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Mere exposure effect

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The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

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Benefits of being attractive

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Attractive people have more friends, dates, fun, money, and social skills.

Mothers of attractive babies are more affectionate and playful

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Main psychological facrots

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Personality, beliefs, attitudes, values, and abilities

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Passionate love

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An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction. Diminishes in a few months

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Companionate love

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An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well being. No necessary decline

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Social Influence

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The control of one person's behavior by another

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Hedonic Principle

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We repeat actions that bring us pleasurable experiences and avoid those that bring us painful experiences

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Approval motive

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The motivation to perform an action so that you will be more accepted and appreciated by a group

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Accuracy motive

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The motivation to be correct in an answer and to know the truth.

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Hedonic motive

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Creating situations in which others can achieve more pleasure by doing what we want them to do

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Observational learning

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Learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished

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Social norms

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A customary standard for behavior that is shared by members of a culture. Conventions of everyday life that make interactions with others predictable and orderly.

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Social Roles

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Positions that are regulated by norms about how people in those positions should behave

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Norm of reciprocity

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A tendency to help those who help you

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Door in the face technique

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Making a big suggestion that you know will be turned down and then asking for a smaller favor afterwards. This is an example of norm of reciprocity

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Foot in the door technique

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Not an example of norm of reciprocity. When you ask for progressively larger and larger things starting out with something small and eventually getting towards the bigger thing.

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Cognitive dissonance

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Unpleasant feelings when recognize inconsistencies in our actions, attitudes, and beliefs

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Obedience

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The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it

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Milgram's Obedience studies

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Measured how people would behave when authority figures ordered to violate ethical standards. Measured how much someone is willing to shock another person. More likely to disobey if authorities left, subject was in the same room, conflicting demands, or others refused

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Stanford Prison studies

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Studied what would happen if college students were randomly assigned to roles of prisoners or guards. Ended early because of excessive cruelty

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Attitude

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An enduring positive or negative evaluation of a person, group, idea, object, event, or activity

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Persuasion

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Occurs when person's attitudes and beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

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Heuristic persuasion

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Appeal to habit or emotion to persuade someone to believe somethings

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Heuristics

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Shortcuts, rule of thumb

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Familiarity effect

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If you see something more often, it becomes more positive to you

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Validity effect

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Tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times

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Scare tactics

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Least effective way to get people to change their minds, it causes people to become defensive and hopeless

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Coercive persuasion

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Designed to suppress individual's ability to reason, think critically, and make choices in his/her own best interest