Psychology Section 3: Brain & Behavior

Front 1

What is the Nervous System?

Back 1

produces, controls, and guides acts, thoughts, and responses to the world

Front 2

What is peripheral?

Back 2

consists of nerves that connect to skin, muscles, blood vessels, and organs

Front 3

Define Somatic

Back 3

voluntary movements and feelings
has afferent/efferent impulses

Front 4

Define Afferent Nerves

Back 4

impulses go TOWARD nervous system from skin/muscles

Front 5

Define Efferent Nerves

Back 5

impulses AWAY from nervous system (motor skills)

Front 6

Define Autonomatic

Back 6

involuntary sensory and motor functions (internal organs & glands)

Front 7

Define Sympathetic

Back 7

prepares us for using energy (fight/flight)
causes INCREASE in blood flow to skeletal muscles, heart rate, BP, respiration rate, DECREASE in blood flow to tissues on skin

Front 8

Define Parasympathetic

Back 8

(rest and recuperation)
causes INCREASE in blood flow to gastrointestinal tract, DECREASE in heart rate, BP, and respiration rate

Front 9

Define Central System

Back 9

protects brain/spinal cord
surrounded by outer dura mater (hard mother)
pia mater (soft mother)

Front 10

Define Spinal cord

Back 10

conducts nerve impulses from afferent (sensory) nerves to brain and efferent (motor) impulse to RNS

Front 11

What are inter neurons?

Back 11

found throughout CNS, control reflex responses (knee-jerk reflex)

Front 12

What does the brain do?

Back 12

guides and controls behavior, processes sensory information, and memory

Front 13

What are ventricles?

Back 13

system of interconnected fluid filled chambers

Front 14

What are hemispheres?

Back 14

2 that are connected by fiber pathways, most important: corpus callosum which is between left and right

Front 15

Define the Left hemisphere

Back 15

analyzing, language comprehension and production

Front 16

Define the Right hemisphere

Back 16

emotions, math, music, synthetics "big picture"

Front 17

Hindbrain

Back 17

responsible for involuntary functions

Front 18

Medulla

Back 18

where autonomic functions are--heart rate, blood pressure, responses, sleep

Front 19

Pons

Back 19

connects brain and cerebellum, where commands travel through

Front 20

Cerebellum

Back 20

has half the nerve cells of the brain and sharpens motor signals like grace, coordination, timing, and smoothness

Front 21

Midbrain

Back 21

controls awareness, coping, tending to new stimuli, motivation, waking, rearing, eating behaviors

Front 22

Colliculi

Back 22

process visual and auditory information

Front 23

Superior Colliculus

Back 23

involuntary eye movements & target of eyes

Front 24

Inferior Colliculus

Back 24

process sound and where it comes from

Front 25

Periqueductal Gray

Back 25

sends info regarding pain, helps cope with painful/threatening stimuli

Front 26

Define Analgesia

Back 26

your perception of pain

Front 27

Reticular activating system

Back 27

a group of structures that extend from the hindbrain to midbrain

Front 28

Forebrain

Back 28

most highly developed

Front 29

Hypothalamus

Back 29

below thalamus
emotional response for hunger, thirst, body temperature, fear, aggression, mating, stress, and hormone release

Front 30

Thalamus

Back 30

the gate for taste, touch, hearing, and vision
[switchboard]

Front 31

Limbic System

Back 31

memory, planning, emotion, reinforcement attention; helps to compare our internal physiological & psychological state and responses

Front 32

Cerebrum

Back 32

the bulk of forebrain

Front 33

Cortex

Back 33

outermost part of the cerebrum; solve problems, initiates moments

Front 34

Occipital Lobe

Back 34

back, processes visual information

Front 35

Parietal Lobe

Back 35

processes soma to sensory info (touch, cold, heat, pain)

Front 36

Temporal Lobe

Back 36

lateral: auditory info. & spoken language
medial: memory functions

Front 37

Frontal Lobe

Back 37

planning, foresight, understanding consequences of actions, selection of motor movements

Front 38

Sensory Systems

Back 38

sensory stimulation of sense organs transmitted into CNS

Front 39

Primary Sensory Cortex

Back 39

initial intensive sensory processing

Front 40

Premotor Cortex/Supplemental

Back 40

responsible for nerve impulses initiates movements

Front 41

Limbic System

Back 41

constellation of structures that involve temporal lobes, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex

Front 42

What are the most prominent structures?

Back 42

Mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala in temporal lobe and cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex

Front 43

Hippocampus

Back 43

transferring info from short to long term memory

Front 44

Amygdala

Back 44

adds emotion & significance to events transferred into long term memories

Front 45

Glia "glue" Cells

Back 45

majority of cells in nervous system
support cells for neurons, provide insulation (myelin)
relied on by neurons

Front 46

Schwann Cells

Back 46

myelin producing cells of PNS

Front 47

Oligodendrocytes

Back 47

only in CNS, star shaped

Front 48

Astrocytes

Back 48

general housekeepers, enviroengineers, nurses of CNS, store starch

Front 49

Microglia

Back 49

resident immune system cells of CNS

Front 50

Properties of Neurons

Back 50

-nerve cells
-slight charge across membranes
-different shapes, sizes, & chemical messengers

Front 51

Dendrite

Back 51

"input" of neuron, how neurons receive signals from others

Front 52

Soma

Back 52

neuronal cell body, site of neuron's nucleus, organelles, & protein manufacture

Front 53

Axon

Back 53

"output" side of neuron

Front 54

Terminal Button

Back 54

tip of axon that makes contact with dendrite of next neuron & allows communication between 2 neurons

Front 55

Synapse

Back 55

where the terminal button of 1 neuron meets the dendrite of the next neuron

Front 56

Resting Membrane Potential

Back 56

-70 millivolts (-0.07 volts)
determined by moving electrically charged ions against their electrical gradients

Front 57

Cat ions

Back 57

positive

Front 58

Anions

Back 58

negative

Front 59

The Action Potential

Back 59

rapid rise away from resting membrane potential & neuron "firing"

Front 60

Refractory Periods

Back 60

minimum time required for neuron to prepare for fire

Front 61

Absolute Refractory Period

Back 61

1-2 milliseconds, IMPOSSIBLE for neurons to fire

Front 62

Relative Refractory Period

Back 62

1-2 milliseconds, POSSIBLE for neurons to fire

Front 63

Summation

Back 63

total of excitatory & inhibitory signals; needed for action potential to generate

Front 64

Temporal

Back 64

a type of summation
-1 terminal button at 1 synapse is fired repeatedly

Front 65

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Back 65

piggyback and merge

Front 66

Spatial

Back 66

a type of summation
-different signals from different synapses add and travel across neuron

Front 67

Synapse

Back 67

where neuronal signal & communication occurs
learning, memory, habits, recovery from brain injury & addiction

Front 68

terminal button

Back 68

tip of axon, responsible for communication

Front 69

Synaptic Cleft

Back 69

between terminal button and dendrite

Front 70

Postsynaptic Density

Back 70

dendritic part of synapse where receptors are located

Front 71

Transmitters

Back 71

synthesized, packaged, stored, released, activated, metabolized, in terminal button

Front 72

Agonist

Back 72

drug that INCREASES enzymatic breakdown or reuptake

Front 73

Antagonist

Back 73

drug that DECREASES enzymatic breakdown or reuptake

Front 74

Direct Agonist

Back 74

the drug impersonates the transmitter at receptor and activates it

Front 75

Direct Antagonist

Back 75

NO impersonation or activation of transmitter

Front 76

Acetylcholine

Back 76

relies on enzymatic degradation to terminate

Front 77

Monoamines

Back 77

share an amino group

Front 78

Tyrosine based

Back 78

amino acid building block for catecholamines

Front 79

Dopamine (DA)

Back 79

tyrosine converts to l-Dopa and converts that to DA

Front 80

Substanianigra

Back 80

provides DA to brain systems in charge of voluntary systems

Front 81

Ventral Tegmental Area

Back 81

provides DA to brain systems involving in learning, memory, reward, and cognition

Front 82

Norepinephrine (NE)

Back 82

produced by locus cereleus

Front 83

Locus Cereleus

Back 83

provides NE for forebrain, important for memory, attention, emotion, novelty

Front 84

Epinephrine (E)

Back 84

few in brain, produce E from NE in by enzyme

Front 85

Trytophan based

Back 85

amino acid building block for indolamine neurotransmitter

Front 86

Serotonin

Back 86

produced in forebrain by dorsal raphe
-learning, memory, attention, mood, aggression, appetite, sleep, sensory, arousal

Front 87

Glutamate (excitatory)

Back 87

most common neurotransmitter in brain
sensory processing, learning, memory

Front 88

GABA (inhibitory)

Back 88

"gamma aminobutyric acid"
quiets activity of nerve cells
learning, memory, sensory, sleep, anxiety

Front 89

Peptides (short proteins)

Back 89

made in cell body & shipped in vesicles out axon

Front 90

Cholecytoskinin

Back 90

stimulates pancreas and liver

Front 91

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Back 91

ionotrophic

Front 92

G-Protein linked (Metabotrophic)

Back 92

bound to membrane between layers of membrane

Front 93

Occipital

Back 93

vision

Front 94

Operant Conditioning

Back 94

doing something and response determines reaction

Front 95

Retroactive Interference

Back 95

new information interferes with old information

Front 96

Proactive Interference

Back 96

old information interferes with new information

Front 97

Retrieval

Back 97

memory must be brought back to mind
"blanking out"

Front 98

Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)

Back 98

learning predictive outcome to prepare for it again (lunch bell)

Front 99

Ivon Pavlov

Back 99

first described classical conditioning