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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Intelligence Test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores
Factor Analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
Autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind
Down Syndrome
a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Savant Syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance (ex. a child who does as well as the average 8 year old is said to have a mental age of 8)
Chronological Age
the actual age of someone
Achievement Tests
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude Tests
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Normal Curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Predictive Validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Drive-reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Maslow's Hierarchy (6 Parts)
Physiological Needs -- Safety Needs -- Belongingness and Love Needs -- Esteem Needs -- Self-actualization Needs -- Self-transcendence Needs
Verbal Ability (Male vs. Female)
girls acquire language earlier and read sooner
Visual and Spatial Ability (Male vs. Female)
boys tend to do better (ex. Piaget's Mountain Task)
Mathematical Ability (Male vs. Female)
girls are better in primary grades and boys are better in adolescence
Contributions to Homosexual Orientation (2 parts)
-homosexuality is not related to parenting behaviors or childhood abuse
-differences begin to appear at birth so it could be genetic or it could be caused by exposure to hormones or antigens in the womb
Fraternal Birth Order Effect
males born after a brother increases their likelihood of being gay (2% first sons, 3% second sons...)
Two-factor Theory of Emotion
to experience emotion one must be
1. physically aroused
2. cognitively label the arousal
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Catharsis
emotional release; in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
Sympathetic Nervous System
when a crisis hits it directs adrenal glands to release the stress hormone epinephrine
Parasympathetic Nervous System
when a crisis has passed it calms the body
Creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas