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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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classical conditioning |
a primitive form of learning formally discovered by Pavlov involving training an organism to respond to a previously neutral stimulus by repeatedly pairing it with another stimulus that normally evokes a response |
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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
a stimulus that elicits a response from the organism without prior training |
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Unconditioned response (UCR) |
the response naturally elicited by the UCS |
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conditioned stimulus (CS) |
a previously neutral stimulus that produces a response after training |
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conditioned response (CR) |
a response elicited by the CS after training |
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contiguity |
means "nearness". In terms of classical conditioning it refers to the fact that training an organism to produce a CR to a CS normally requires the CS to be presented just prior (near in time) to the presentation of the UCS during a training trial |
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Continuous |
a reinforcer is delivered every time the response occurs |
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fixed ratio |
provide a reinforcer after a set of number of responses |
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variable ratio |
provide a reinforcer after an unpredictable number of responses |
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fixed interval |
provide reinforcement after a set period of time |
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variable interval |
provide a reinforcer at unpredictable time intervals |
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contingency |
refers to a casual relationship. In order for classical conditioning to occur, the presentation of the CS should appear to "cause" the presentation of the UCS |
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Operant Conditioning |
term used to describe the learning behaviors that are modified by their consequences |
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operant |
a class of behaviors that produce a particular consequence |
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positive reinforcement |
refers to the presentation of a stimulus, as a consequence to an operant, which increases the probability of that operant |
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negative reinforcement |
refers to the removal of a stimulus, as a consequence to an operant, which increases the probability of that operant. |
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Punishment |
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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shaping |
refers to the training of a particular operant; scientists reward successive approximations of the desired behavior |
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discrimintive stimulus |
any stimulus that sets the occasion for an operant to be followed by a consequence |
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extinction |
refers to the elimination of a previously trained behavior |
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operant chamber |
also known as Skinner Box, this chamber is often equipped with lights, a speaker, a food dispenser, and a lever to press or a disk to peck |
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cumulative recorder |
a device invented by Skinner to automatically record bar presses and reinforcements over time as the organism performs undisturbed in an operant chamber. The instrument produces a paper record |
