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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gender
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the psychological and social meanings that are often attached to being biologically male and female, often cofused with sex
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Gender Stereotypes
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beliefs assumed to be typical characteristic of each sex
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Gender Roles
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behaviors that one expects each gender to engage in
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Feminist Theory
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seeks to offer a wide variety of views on the social roles of men and women, also the rewards of these roles and ways to change expectations
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Sexual Orientation
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the direction of one's sexual interest
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Race
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a subpopulation of a species which is identified by a common characteristic
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ethnicity
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a common cultural heritage that is shared by members of a group
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Culture
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the values, attitudes, behaviors, and material goods that are handed down through generations
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empirical evidence
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information that is retrived in systematic, objective observation and measurement
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naturalistic observation
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a research method that systematically studies human or animal behavior in a natural setting, rather thatin a lab
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observer bias
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the observer has expectations or biases that might influence his/her initerpretation of what was actually observed
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case study
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an intensive descrition and analysis of an individual or a few individuals
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surver research
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a technique that impliments questionaires or interviews on a selected group of people
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correlational research
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is based on naturally occuring relationships vetween two or more variables
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experimental method
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a methodical technique for research that manipulates circumstances, and then measures the effects of those manipulations on behaviors
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participants
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individuals whose reactions or responses are observed in an experiment
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independent variable
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the variable that is changed to see the effests on the dependent variable
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dependent variable
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the variable that depends on the changes of the independent vatiable, this is the variable that is measured
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experimental group
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the group that receives the treatment, or is subjected to a change in the independent variable
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control group
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the group that does not receive the treatment, or change in the independent variable
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participants
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individuals whose reactions or responses are observed in an experiment
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independent variable
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the variable that is changed to see the effests on the dependent variable
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dependent variable
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the variable that depends on the changes of the independent vatiable, this is the variable that is measured
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experimental group
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the group that receives the treatment, or is subjected to a change in the independent variable
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control group
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the group that does not receive the treatment, or change in the independent variable
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experimenter bias
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biases of the participant(s) that might influence the result
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sample
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a selection of research cases from a larger population
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random sample
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a sample in which each potential participant has an equal chance of being selected
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representative sample
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a sample thatis selected based on the characteristics of the larger population
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Structuralism
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the school of psychology that focuses on the basic units of experience and the combinations in which those units occur
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functionalist theory
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focused on how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment
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psychodynamic theories
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personality theories that dictate that behavior resultes from psychological interactions in the individual
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behaviorism
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school of psychology that studied only observable and measurable behavior and nothing more
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gestalt psychology
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school of psychology that studied how people perceive objects and experiences as parts of whole patterns
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humanistic psychology
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school of psychology that ephasized nonverbal experiences and altered states of consciousness as a way to realize one's full potential
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Cognitive psychology
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school of psychology that focuses on mental processes in the broadest sense
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evolutionary psychology
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a subfield and approach to psychology that is concerned with the evolutionary adaptive values, and purposes of behaviors and mental processes
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positive psychology
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an emerging field and theory of psychology that focuses on positive experiences
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psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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scientific method
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an approach to accumulating knowledge by collecting data, producing a theory based on the data, a testable hypothesis from the theory, and testing the hypothesis
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theory
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a systematic explanation of a phenomenon
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hypothesis
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a specific, testable prediction
has to be objective, concise, clear, and direct so that it can not be manipulated by competitors |
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Developmental PsychologyLi
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studies human mental and physical growth on universal, cultural, and individual levels.
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Child Psychology
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-A type of developmental psychology
-focuses on prenatal through childhood, as well as the development of: personalities, language, morals |
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Adolescent Psychology
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-A type of developmental psychology
-focuses on the changes during adolescence, the search for identity |
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Life Span Psychology
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-A type of developmental psychology
-focuses on adult years, adjustments to death, middle age, parenting, etc. |
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Physiological Psychology
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-studies how the physical system affects the brain
ex. people do things that are wrong because it gives them a shot of dopamine, which makes them feel good. |
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Neuroscience
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-investigates the effects of natural and sythetic chemicals (drugs, hormones) on human behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
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Behavioral Geneticists
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-investigates the impact of heredity on normal and abnormal traits and behaviors
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Experimental Psychology
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-research basic psychological processes, including learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, and emotion.
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Personality Psychology
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-studies the differences between individuals in traits such as: anxiety, sociability, self esteem, aggressiveness, and ambission
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Clinical and Counseling Psychology
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-only accounts for around half of all psychologists
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Clinical Psychology
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-focuses on the diagnosis, cause, and treatment of psychological disorders.
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Counseling Psychology
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-focuses on the "normal" problems of adjustment.
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Social Psychology
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-studies how people influence one another and interact with each other including: first impressions, attraction, prejudice, conformity, obedience, etc.
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Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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-deals with selecting
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Ethics in Psychological research
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-the APA's code of ethics is reassessed every year.
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Ethics in Research on Humans
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-requires that researchers obtain informed consent from participants
-participants must be informed of the nature of the reasearch in clearly undersandable language -informed consent must be documented if a researcher violates the rules he/she may be terminated |
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Ethics in Research on Nonhuman Subjects
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scientists study animals:
-because general behavioral principals apply to humans as well -comparing behavior to find out what makes us unique -use of animals where it would be unethical to use humans (brain lesions, electric stimulation) |
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Women in Pyscholoy
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Although women outnumber men in psychology today, universities and colleges once declined to grant degrees to women, woman were also discriminated agianst by employers. Only after World War II this started to change.
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Enduring Issues
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-issues/questions that always have, always will be considered by psychologists.
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Person - Situation
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-deals with behavior as a result of processes within the individual: thoughts, emotions, personality, and genes
or without: surrounding environment, the presence of other people. |
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Nature - Nurture
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-deals with whether behavior, intelligence, development, and personality are products of genetics and innate, innborn traits or products of the environment
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Stability - Change
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-are the characteristics developped in childhood fixed or mutable?
-is the self something created in our minds, a "fictional character", which serves to maintain inner equilibreum in the face of unpredictable circumstances? |
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Diversity - Universality
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-how diverse is the human population:
a. all the same b. somewhat the same c. each unique -do different genders and cultures need to be treated differently and looked at seperately in psychology? |
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Mind - Body
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-what is the mind/body connection:
experiences (thoughts, feelings) vs. biological processes (activity in nervous system) -how much does the mind influence body and body influence mind? -used for study of the biological basis of behavior |
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Careers: Bachelor's Degree
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assisting psychologists in mental health centers, vocational rehab, correctional centers, research assistents, teaching psch. in high school, as a trainie in gov. or business
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Careers: Associate's Degree
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paraprofessional positions in mental health, day care center supervisor, state hospitals, other human services, sales or management, employee relations
-may screen and evaluate new patients, keep records, assist in consultation |
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Careers: Academic and Applied Psychology
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Masters/Doctorate: faculties of colleges/univ., applied work in schools, health, industrial, commercial, clinicians, or counselors
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Careers: Clinical Settings
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-to practice psychotherapy: need a state licence, this often requires a doctorate degree.
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Licensed Social Workers (LSW)
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(MSW) masters of social work
(DSW) doctorate of social work |
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Counseling Psychologists
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-hels people cope w/ problems
-work @ schools, families, individuals, couples -works with people who have "normal" disorders |
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Clinical Pyschologits
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- 4-6 year graduate degree required
-specialize in behavioral/emotional/ mental disorders -works with people who have "normal" disorders |
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Psychoanalysts
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-requires standard training for psych. & specialized psychoanalytic training
-clients have 2-5 sessions each week for at least a year |
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Psychiatrists
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MD -medical doctor
-treats abnormal people and perscribes medications |
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Persciption Privileges for Clinical Psychologists
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psychologists w/ training use persciptions to provide safe quality care
-more COST effective to treatement (drugs and counseling) from same person -so push to allow psychologists to perscribe medications |
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Christine Ladd-Franklin
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completed requirements for doctorate in psych. in 1880's, but was not given degree until 1926
-one of America's leading theorists in color vision |
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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-studied psychology at Harvard, but denied degree
-became head of psychology department at Wellesly College -developped theory of self-psychology & a research technique for studying verbal learning -1905 first woman Pres. of American Psychological Association (APA) |
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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-received degree from Cornell (one of few granting degrees to women)
-first woman w/ Ph.d in psych in U.S. -34 yrs head of Psych. Dept. @ Vassar - wrote: Movement and Mental Imagery (1916) -anticipated current research on imagery in directing thought and activity -Pres. of APA in 1921 -editor of American Journal of Psych. |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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-founded the first psychological laboratory in Germany at the University of Leipzig
-his student Stanley Hall established the first psychology lab. in US at John Hopkins Univ. in 1883 -Edward Bradford Tichener was one of his students |
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Persciption Privileges for Clinical Psychologists
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psychologists w/ training use persciptions to provide safe quality care
-more COST effective to treatement (drugs and counseling) from same person -so push to allow psychologists to perscribe medications |
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Christine Ladd-Franklin
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completed requirements for doctorate in psych. in 1880's, but was not given degree until 1926
-one of America's leading theorists in color vision |
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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-studied psychology at Harvard, but denied degree
-became head of psychology department at Wellesly College -developped theory of self-psychology & a research technique for studying verbal learning -1905 first woman Pres. of American Psychological Association (APA) |
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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-received degree from Cornell (one of few granting degrees to women)
-first woman w/ Ph.d in psych in U.S. -34 yrs head of Psych. Dept. @ Vassar - wrote: Movement and Mental Imagery (1916) -anticipated current research on imagery in directing thought and activity -Pres. of APA in 1921 -editor of American Journal of Psych. |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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-founded the first psychological laboratory in Germany at the University of Leipzig
-his student Stanley Hall established the first psychology lab. in US at John Hopkins Univ. in 1883 -Edward Bradford Tichener was one of his students |
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Mind - Body
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-what is the mind/body connection:
experiences (thoughts, feelings) vs. biological processes (activity in nervous system) -how much does the mind influence body and body influence mind? -used for study of the biological basis of behavior |
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Careers: Bachelor's Degree
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assisting psychologists in mental health centers, vocational rehab, correctional centers, research assistents, teaching psch. in high school, as a trainie in gov. or business
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Careers: Associate's Degree
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paraprofessional positions in mental health, day care center supervisor, state hospitals, other human services, sales or management, employee relations
-may screen and evaluate new patients, keep records, assist in consultation |
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Careers: Academic and Applied Psychology
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Masters/Doctorate: faculties of colleges/univ., applied work in schools, health, industrial, commercial, clinicians, or counselors
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Careers: Clinical Settings
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-to practice psychotherapy: need a state licence, this often requires a doctorate degree.
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Edward Bradford Tichener
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-reasoned that psychologist should analyze complex experiences in terms of their simplest components
-furthered Wundt's theories on Voluntarism and Structuralism -saw psychology's role as identifying the following elements and showing how they are combined: physical sensations, feelings, images/memories |
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William James
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-son of Henry James Sr. who was a transcendentalist
-one of the first to challenge structuralism -self educated in psychologey -wrote The Principles of Psychology (1890) -was contrary to Titchener: developped Functionalism -influenced by Darwin: anatomy and behavior are the result of natural selection |
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Sigmund Freud
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-started out as a medical doctor, clinical observations led him to belive that many nervous ailments are psychological rather than physiological in origin.
-contrary to Wundt: Freud claims that "free will" is an illusion, humans are not as rational as they belive -was the first to deal with the unconscious and with sexuality -was controversial in his day and is still is -called Generalization displacement -developped the id, ego, and super ego -developped Psychodynamic Psychology |
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John B. Watson
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-wrote Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It (1913)
0his work was built on that of Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov -one of his students was Mary Jones |
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B. F. Skinner
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-formost behaviorist
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Ivan Pavlov
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-developped conditioning
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Mary Jones
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-developps desensitization (overcoming fears and conditioning)
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Generalization(Watson)/Displacement(Freud)
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-transfer of emotion from one person to another
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Classical Conditioning
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-allways involves involuntary reactions
ex. little albert |
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Operant Conditioning
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-allways involves voluntary actions
ex. positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment |
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Positive Reinforcement
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-adding something plesent
-encourages a desired behavior |
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Negative Reinforcement
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-taking away something unpleasent, not a punishment
-encourages a desired behavior |
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Punishment
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-adding something unpleasent
-involved in discouraging an undesired behavior -does not encourage a desired behavior |
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Reinforcement
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-rewarding subjects for the way they behave
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id
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-the unconcious
-animalistic, primal desire (hunger, thirst, sleep) |
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ego
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-most efficient methods to solve a problem
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superego
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-reigns in the ego with morality
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Psychotic
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-has no capacity to be empithetic, according to Freud lacks the superego
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Insanity
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-not a psychological (scientific) term, it is a court term
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Free Association
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-saying whatever comes to mind
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Black Box
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-the mind, brain, and nervous system
-behaviorists were concerned with what went in and out, but not the inside workings |
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Peak Experiences
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-activities so involved that self consciousness fades
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ego
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-most efficient methods to solve a problem
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superego
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-reigns in the ego with morality
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Psychotic
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-has no capacity to be empithetic, according to Freud lacks the superego
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Insanity
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-not a psychological (scientific) term, it is a court term
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Free Association
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-saying whatever comes to mind
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Positive Reinforcement
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-adding something plesent
-encourages a desired behavior |
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Negative Reinforcement
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-taking away something unpleasent, not a punishment
-encourages a desired behavior |
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Punishment
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-adding something unpleasent
-involved in discouraging an undesired behavior -does not encourage a desired behavior |
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Reinforcement
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-rewarding subjects for the way they behave
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id
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-the unconcious
-animalistic, primal desire (hunger, thirst, sleep) |