Psychology Proloque And Chapter 1

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Front 2

Socrates & Plato & Descartes

Back 2

Importance of Mind
-mind is separate from body and continues after death
-born with knowledge

Front 3

Aristotle

Back 3

the soul is not separable from body
-knowledge is not pre-existing; instead it grows from experiences

Front 4

John Locke

Back 4

impact of environment on current life.
-Tabula Rasa: baby born with blank slate which is written on with experiences.
-Lead to Empiricism-knowledge originates in experience-science should involve observation

Front 5

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 5

Father of Psychology
-stimulus-how long it takes the brain to notice it.

Front 6

Edward Titchner

Back 6

Structuralism-basic components of conscious experiences using *Introspection*-show stimulus and ask how they feel.

Front 7

william James

Back 7

Functionalism-thoughts allow us to survive. behavior and mental experiences function to allow human and animals to adapt.

Front 8

Sigmund Freud

Back 8

Psychoanalysis-emphasize roles of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality.
-Behavior is motivated by sex and aggression.
-Childhood experiences are critical in the development of adult behavior.

Front 9

Ivan Pavlov

Back 9

Founder of *Behaviorism*
-studied associations between neutral stimuli and reflexive behavior

Front 10

John Watson

Back 10

Behavior rather than consciousness.
agreed with pavlov

Front 11

B.F. Skinner

Back 11

studied observable, measurable behavior.
reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors.

Front 12

Carl Rogers

Back 12

*HUMANISTIC*
-focus of thinking
-emphasized conscious experiences
-Human potential for growth-positive attitude toward humanity
-importance of current environment and importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance

Front 13

Cognitive Perspective

Back 13

people act because they think
-perception, memory and language

Front 14

Cognitive Neuroscience

Back 14

The study of the interaction of thought processes and brain function.

Front 15

Evolutionary Perspective

Back 15

principles of evolution explain psychological processes.
Charles Darwin-survival of the fittest/natural selection

Front 16

Social-Cultural perspective

Back 16

studies differences among people of different cultures in attitudes, values and beliefs.
-recognizing we have to think of things in terms of world culture

Front 17

Hypothesis

Back 17

a prediction or question to be tested

Front 18

Operational Definition

Back 18

measurable/observable terms-Skinner

Front 19

Theory

Back 19

integrates or summarizes a large number of findings

Front 20

Naturalistic Observation

Back 20

Observing people in their natural environment

Front 21

Case study

Back 21

intense, in-depth investigation of an individual or small group
Phineas Gage-pole through head

Front 22

Survey

Back 22

questionnaire or interview to evaluate opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a group.

Front 23

Correlational Study

Back 23

study that measures how associated or related two factors are.
-Does not mean one causes the other-

Front 24

Positive Correlation

Back 24

both factors go up together or go down together

Front 25

negative correlation

Back 25

the factors go in opposite directions

Front 26

Illusory Correlation

Back 26

The perception of a relationship where none exists.
When we believe that there is a relationship, we notice and recall instances that confirm our belief and ignore other instances where it isn't true

Front 27

Experimental method

Back 27

used to demonstrate that changes in one variable produce an effect on another variable.

Front 28

Independent Variable

Back 28

the manipulated variable

Front 29

Dependent Variable

Back 29

the effect...the result of the manipulation

Front 30

Random Assignment

Back 30

--All participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups in the experiment

Front 31

control group/condition

Back 31

comparison group-not exposed to independent variable

Front 32

Placebo Control group

Back 32

a fake treatment provided to a group of subjects to compare the IV

Front 33

Experimental Group

Back 33

participants exposed to independent variable

Front 34

expectancy/placebo effect

Back 34

changes in behavior that occur because the subject believes changes should happen.

Front 35

Double-Blind Study

Back 35

subject and experimenter/observer don't know whether subject is receiving placebo or not.
-no observer bias

Front 36

Practice Effect

Back 36

Test at Beginning and test at end, scores go up-data looks like intervention worked

Front 37

Hindsight Bias

Back 37

tendency to exaggerate one's ability to predict a result after learning the outcome

Front 38

Observer Bias

Back 38

Error due to the personal expectations of the viewer. Expectations affect behavior--Rats--

Front 39

Mode

Back 39

occurs most often

Front 40

Mean

Back 40

Average

Front 41

Median

Back 41

Ordered Middle

Front 42

Variability of Scores

Back 42

Closer together is better

Front 43

Standard Deviation

Back 43

states how much scores vary around the mean score.

Front 44

Statistical Significance

Back 44

What is the likelihood that your result didn't occur by chance.

Front 45

A-B-A design

Back 45

Baseline (Do nothing and observe)-Treatment (intervention)-Baseline