Psychology Prologue, 1, 3

Front 1

Define psychology.

Back 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 2

Biological (microscopic view of changes in brain and macroscopic view of evolution in brain function), cognitive (which aspects of a situation people pay attention to), social (how and why people share memories and how they affect what is remembered), and developmental (how do we learn to recall)

Back 2

What are the perspectives of emotional memory?

Front 3

Cognitive, neural, developmental, evolutionary, cultural, and social

Back 3

What are the perspectives that make an individual?

Front 4

Define testable hypothesis.

Back 4

a specific claim about the facts, framed in a way that will allow unambiguous text

Front 5

Define operational definition.

Back 5

a way to translate the variable one wants to asses into a specific procedure or measurement

Front 6

A population is all the members of a specific group and a sample is a subset of the population

Back 6

What is the difference between population and sample?

Front 7

What is maximum variation sampling?

Back 7

a strategy of deliberately picking out the unusual or extreme cases

Front 8

Define external validity.

Back 8

the degree to which the study's participants, stimuli, and procedures adequately reflect the world as it actually is

Front 9

Define demand characteristics.

Back 9

any cues in a study which make participants think one response is more desirable

Front 10

Define descriptive statistics

Back 10

mathematical procedures that allow a researcher to characterize a data pattern

Front 11

Define inferential statistics.

Back 11

Mathematical procedures that allow a researcher to draw further claims from a data pattern, including if the same pattern would be observed in other samples or the whole populatioin

Front 12

Define reliability.

Back 12

an assessment of how consistent the measure is in its results

Front 13

Define validity.

Back 13

the extent to which a method measures what it is supposed to measure

Front 14

Define effect size

Back 14

the magnitude of the difference between groups in a study

Front 15

What does statistical significance measure?

Back 15

the likelihood that the difference happened by chance

Front 16

Define quasi-experiment.

Back 16

a comparison that relies on already-existing groups

Front 17

Define correlational studies.

Back 17

studies in which the investigator analyzes the relationships among variables that were in place before the study

Front 18

they don't tell us about cause and effect

Back 18

What limit do observational studies have?

Front 19

Define third-variable problem.

Back 19

The possibility that two correlated variables may be changing together due to the operation of a third variable

Front 20

Define within-subject comparisons

Back 20

within a study, comparing the data about each participant in one situation to data about the dame participant in another situation (compared to between-subject comparisons)

Front 21

Define internal validity.

Back 21

the characteristic of a study that allows us to conclude that the manipulation caused the observed changes in the dependent variable.

Front 22

Define meta-analysis.

Back 22

a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies on a particular topic, even when the studies use different data collection methods

Front 23

In order to manipulate a variable, one must gain control of the situation which introduces artificiality, compromising the external validity

Back 23

What is the weakness of experiments?

Front 24

How does TMS work and what does it do?

Back 24

applying repeated magnetic stimulation at the surface of hte skull to temporarily stimulate or disable a target region of the brain

Front 25

What is EEG?

Back 25

a record of the brains electrical activity recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp; records current of whole brain

Front 26

What is ERP?

Back 26

event-related potential; electrical changes in the brain that correspond to the brain's response to a specific event; the change in EEG; multiple EEGs are taken to get rid of background noise and ERP is collected from each presentation

Front 27

What is a CT?

Back 27

constructs a composite of X-ray images taken from many angles to give brain structure; good for locating tumors and structure of the brain

Front 28

What is MRI?

Back 28

the effects of strong magnetic pulses on molecules are documents; give brain structure; good for structure and localizing

Front 29

positron emission tomography; inject radioisotope and keeps track of where it is distributed; tells which regions are active

Back 29

What is a PET scan?

Front 30

What is fMRI scanning?

Back 30

hb less sensitive to magnetism when it is transporting oxygen; keep track of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood and see which tissue needs more oxygen;

Front 31

What makes up the somatic nervous system?

Back 31

the efferent nerves that control the skeletal muscles and the afferent nerves that carry information from the sensory system to the cns;

Front 32

the efferent nerves that regulate glands and those that regulate smooth muscles

Back 32

What makes up the autonomic nervous system?

Front 33

muscular coordination and equilibrium, planning and controlling thoughts and behavior, receive information from the skin senses, hearing and language, and visual information

Back 33

Name the main function of the following: cerebellum, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.

Front 34

breathing and blood circulation; motivated behaviors (eating drinking sexual activity); emotioin and evaluating stimuli;

Back 34

What does the medulla control? hypothalamus? amygdala?

Front 35

What is lateralization?

Back 35

the functional differences between hemispheres; in right handed ppl, the left side is good for language and right side is good for visual

Front 36

Define apraxias.

Back 36

disturbance in beginning or carrying out voluntary movements; results from damage in the frontal lobe;

Front 37

Define visual agnosia

Back 37

inability to recognize a visual stimulus; damage in occipital love

Front 38

Define aphasia.

Back 38

a language disorder resulting in disruption of production or comprehension of language;

Front 39

What is nonfluent aphasia?

Back 39

speech production, broca's area

Front 40

What is fluent aphasia?

Back 40

can produce but don't understand; wernicke's area;

Front 41

perseveration

Back 41

What happens in patients with frontal lobe damage?