Psychology: People, Schools Of Thought, Parts Of Brain

Front 1

English Empiricism

Back 1

human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience

Hint 1

Locke, Hartley, Mill; vs. nativism

Front 2

Continental Nativism

Back 2

basic forms of human knowledge and operating characteristics of the mind are inborn, cannot gain posteriori knowledge without prior knowledge

Hint 2

Leibniz, Kant; vs. empiricism

Front 3

Radical (S-R) behaviorism

Back 3

STIMULUS RESPONSE
- experiments are only valid scientific investigation
- all scientific theories must predict and control, bottom-up
- avoids reference to mental entities b/c cannot be observed directly

Hint 3

Watson, Skinner

Front 4

Psychophysics

Back 4

study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory experiences
combination of physics and phenomenology

Hint 4

Fechner

Front 5

S-O-R Behaviorism

Back 5

STIMULUS-ORGANISM-RESPONSE
will enter "black box" to predict and control better

Hint 5

Tolman

Front 6

Cartesian Dualism

Back 6

complex behaviors of the body controlled by mechanical means in humans and animals
thought = conscious deliberation and judgment, linked to soul (pineal gland)
animals lack a soul

Hint 6

Descartes

Front 7

Ethology

Back 7

biologists concerned with how a species behaves, not just their morphology
mix of "nativist" and "empiricist" view --> distinguish which traits are inborn and which are influenced by the environment

Hint 7

Lorenz

Front 8

Tolman

Back 8

- rewards affect more what animals do than what they learn
- cognitive maps --> mice and mazes
- behave as if they have cognitive maps
- bottom-up and top-down aspects

Hint 8

S-O-R Behaviorism

Front 9

Lorenz

Back 9

research on imprinting behaviors in ducks and geese
survival-related patterns = wired into nervous system

Hint 9

Ethology

Front 10

Descartes

Back 10

father of modern philosophy
human psychology: study of distinction from other animals
animals don't have souls or conscious

Hint 10

Cartesian Dualism

Front 11

Fechner

Back 11

mathematical, precise, experimental science
jnd's - just noticeable differences
relationship between physical and phenomenological intensities

Hint 11

psychophysics

Front 12

Skinner

Back 12

Skinner box: presses lever for food, etc.
reinforcer: stimulus change that follows a response, increases subsequent frequency of response
operant conditioning

Hint 12

S-R Radical Behaviorism

Front 13

Locke

Back 13

influence of environment
empiricism: human knowledge and thought derive from sensory experience

Hint 13

Empiricism

Front 14

Watson

Back 14

principle founder of behaviorism
mental processes exist but they are too obscure and behavior can be better understood without them

Hint 14

S-R Radical Behaviorism

Front 15

Wundt

Back 15

- founder of psychology as a recognized, scientific discipline
- 1879 opened first university, first psychology textbook
- mental processes = sequences of elementary processes
- tried to measure speed of mental processes

Front 16

Darwin

Back 16

- top-down psychology
- theory of evolution is the best theory, but not proven
- ultimate causes: why an organism is set up to perform some behaviors and not others
- humans are just biological creatures

Front 17

Hering

Back 17

look at aspects of phenomenology that trichromatic theory can't explain, four colors seen "pure", must be four color receptors (red, green, blue, yellow)
opponent process theory: blue-yellow and red-green opponent neurons and brightness detectors

Front 18

Helmholtz

Back 18

trichromatic theory: color vision emerges from combined activity of three different types of receptors
visual perception = unconscious inference; brain translates light into objects we can perceive and understand

Front 19

Newton

Back 19

- worked out relationship b/w physics and phenomenology
- work on the science of subject (Galileo - physical reality separate from experience, scientist must separate the two)
- on shoulders of giants = Galileo + Kepler

Front 20

Thorndike

Back 20

- operant conditioning: response influences the environment
- puzzle boxes - cats try to escape
- law of effect: action with + response is more likely to repeat, action with a - response is less likely to repeat

Front 21

Pavlov

Back 21

- classical conditioning
- stimulus generalization
- extinction (habituation)

Front 22

Cognitive Psychology

Back 22

information stored in the mind, how it relates to physics, physiology, phenomenology, and behavior

Front 23

Cerebellum

Back 23

ability to produce learned, skilled, well-coordinated movements
ability to behave in ways that require rapid, well-timed sequences of muscle movement

Front 24

Limbic System

Back 24

border dividing evolutionarily old and new brain
- amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus

Front 25

amygdala

Back 25

regulation of basic drives and emotions

Front 26

hippocampus

Back 26

keeping track of spatial location, encoding memory

Front 27

hypothalamus

Back 27

regulates internal environment
autonomic nervous system
release of hormones
affect drive states

Front 28

Cerebral Cortex

Back 28

outside layer of major portion of brain, 80% total volume
occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal

Front 29

Thalamus

Back 29

relay station, output to specific areas in cerebral cortex, arousal of brain as a whole

Front 30

Basal Ganglia

Back 30

ability to produce learned, skilled, well-coordinated movements
ability to coordinate slower, deliberate movement

Front 31

Brainstem

Back 31

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

Front 32

Medulla/Pons

Back 32

organize reflexes that are more complex and sustained
- postural reflexes (balance)
- vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate)

Front 33

midbrain

Back 33

species typical movement patterns