Psychology, P. And S.

Front 1

Core Value- Outline 1

Back 1

Primacy of the Famliy; the family as an agent to provide

Front 2

Types of Capital

Back 2

Economic
Social
Personal

Front 3

Economic Capital

Back 3

Food, healthcare, housing, money, clothing, education (to some extent)

Front 4

Median Household Income

Back 4

$52,000

Front 5

Federal Poverty Line

Back 5

$20,000 family of four
$16,600 family of three
$13,00 family of two

Front 6

Core Values- Outline 2

Back 6

Work as a virtue
Autonomy of the individual
Income equity
Balancing productivity and compensation

Front 7

Income Distribution in the United States-
HIstorical shifts

Back 7

1947-1970: gap between poor and rich narrows due to the creation of SS, Welfare, min. wage, full employment, unions
1970- present: gap between poor and rich widening
2003-2004: top 1% of earners gained 17% while the other 99% went up 3%

Front 8

Income Distribution in the U.S.
Shifts in Congruence Between Productivity and Income

Back 8

Product output per worker has increased, but workers have seen little change in pay; the minimum wage hasn't changed since 1997 and therefore hasn't kept up with inflation; the U.S. is more concerned with curbing inflation than reaching full employment; shift from manufacturing to service jobs

Front 9

Influences on Income Distribution

Back 9

Taxes, minimum wage, tax deductions (EITC, children, charitable donations, losses from stock speculation, interest on house mortgage) death tax

Front 10

Remedies for Inequity

Back 10

TANF, SS, SSI, ETIC, food stamps

Front 11

U.S. Official Poverty Line- Historical Development

Back 11

Molly Orshanky, a worker of the Department of Agriculture, determined at below what amount she thought a family would not be able to live; she arrived at this figure by speculating the cost of food and multiplying it by 3 because she figured food represented a third of a family's budget

Front 12

Number and Percentage of Children in the United States Below the Poverty Line

Back 12

17% or 12 million

Front 13

Changes in Child Poverty Over Time

Back 13

Child poverty has increased since 2000 after nearly a decade of decline.

Front 14

Variations in Child Poverty by State, Ethnicity and Race, and Child Age

Back 14

D.C. is the worst with 30%; New Hampshire has the least with 7%; South is disproportionately poor; of top 10 extreme poverty states, it has 7 of them
Whites have the greatest number of poor, but blacks and latinos are disproportionately poor
Child Age- young children are disproportionately poor; 46% of children under six live in poverty

Front 15

Notion of Near Poor

Back 15

Twice the poverty line
$40,000 family of four
$33,200 family of three
$26,400 family of four

Front 16

Number and Percentage of Near-Poor Children in U.S.

Back 16

40% of children, 29 million

Front 17

Poor Families- Reasons for Poverty

Back 17

Parental Employment- 55% have at least one parent working full-time, year round; 19% have no parent working
Parental Education- 61% of poor parents have a high school diploma or less
Family Structure-

Front 18

Governmental/Social Policies: Incentives and Disincentives to Work

Back 18

EITC
Child care subsidies
Minimum wage- hasn't risen since 1997
TANF- Temporary Aid for Needy Families; provides monetary assistance for a limited time; parent has to be going to school or working; validity of program based on how the families are doing later in terms of self-suffiicency

Front 19

PRWORA

Back 19

required states to crackdown on fathers who did not make child support payments; states set "inadequacy levels"

Front 20

Adult self sufficiency

Back 20

7% if adults are not self-sufficient; 10% of them would be self-sufficientif they did not have children

Front 21

Reasons for Decreasing Self-Sufficiency

Back 21

Macro-Economic Forces- min. wage, lack of jobs, tax policy, service economy, outsourcing/globalization)
Demographic Forces- Women moving into the workforce, amount of young people seeking jobs, number of job seekers relative to number of jobs available
Personal Capital- education, skills, work history

Front 22

Personal Capital

Back 22

education, skills, work history, race, ethnicity- all influence job and potential earnings

Front 23

Demographic Forces

Back 23

Women moving into the workforce, amount of young people seeking jobs, number of job seekers relative to number of jobs available

Front 24

Macro-Economic Forces

Back 24

min. wage, lack of jobs, tax policy, service economy, outsourcing/globalization)

Front 25

Why are there more poor children than poor adults?

Back 25

Children and not distributed evenly
Age of parents at child bearing and child rearing- young workers with lower incomes have less working experience and earning potential
Single parenting- 55% divorced, 30% never married; 15% other
Lower income individuals have more children; poor families avg. 1.6 children; non-poor families average .9
Child bearing and child rearing choices (timing and number) personal choices about birth control, abstinence, kids as income sources, availability of birth control
Social/Governmental policies and cultural mores- sex ed., abstinence, availability of birth control

Front 26

Child bearing and child rearing choices (timing and number)

Back 26

personal choices about birth control, abstinence, kids as income sources, availability of birth control

Front 27

Avg. no of children poor v. nonpoor

Back 27

Lower income individuals have more children; poor families avg. 1.6 children; non-poor families average .9

Front 28

Reasons for single parenting by percentage

Back 28

55% divorced, 30% never married; 15% other

Front 29

Young people, children, and earnings

Back 29

young workers with lower incomes have less working experience and earning potential

Front 30

Social/Government policies and cultural mores

Back 30

sex ed., abstinence, availability of birth control

Front 31

Problems with the Current Definitions of Poverty

Back 31

Is absolute rather than relativistic
Does not include cash-transfers
Does not include child care costs
Does not take into account cost of insurance
Does not take into account geographic variation cost of living

Front 32

Single v. Two-Parent Households and Poverty

Back 32

55.7% of poor families are single-parent households; just 13.9% of nonpoor families with children have only one adult

Front 33

"The Squeeze"

Back 33

moms working more, supposedly spending more time with their children

Front 34

Changes in Household Chores

Back 34

Moms are doing about half as much work as they did in 1965; men are doing twice as much housework as they did in 1965; altogether, number of hours per week done by anyone in households has dropped from 36.5 hours to 28 hours

Front 35

Changes in Childcare Within Families

Back 35

Father today are spending about one more hour with their children than fathers in 1965 did; moms are spending slightly more time with their children today than in 1965.

Front 36

Amount of People Working Non-Standard Hours

Back 36

Working non-standard hours
Single Earner, child less than 5: 30%
Single Earner,child less than 14: 25%
Two Earners, child less than 5: 31%
Two Earners, child less than 14: 24.7%

Trends: two earner households work more non-standard shifts; parents with young children work more non-standard shifts

Front 37

Health Consequences of Non-Standard Hours

Back 37

Circadian rhythms thrown off affecting hormones, body temperature, sleep cycle; increased risk of cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disorders, and preterm or low-weight births

Front 38

Effects of Non-Standard Work Hours on Marital Relationships

Back 38

Greater conflict, less quality time together, divorce rate 6x higher amoung couples who have been married less than 5 years and the father works non-standard hours

Front 39

Effects of Non-Standard Work Hours on Children

Back 39

Increased parental stress; increased family conflict; poorer relationships with children; *can't eat dinner as a family