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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are REINFORCERS?
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-they select for appropriate behaviors and make them more likely to occur
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What are PUNISHERS?
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-they select against inappropriate behaviors and make them less likely to occur
-Against past events |
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What is the difference between reinforcers/punishers and incentives as they relate to behavior?
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-Reinforcers and punishers are the ACTUAL consequences of behavior
-Positive and negative incentives are the ANTICIPATED concequences of behavior. |
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What is objective value?
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-refers to the physical properties of an incentive (and thus, often results in considerable agreement)
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Examples of objective values
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-How much does a given car cost?
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What is subjective value?
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-“utility,” refers to one’s appraisal of the objective value
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Examples of subjective value
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-How much satisfaction or pleasure would you get out of that car?
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What is Fechner's Law?
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-describes the relationship between objective and subjective value:
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Example of Fechner's Law
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-What about finding $100 in your pocket?
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Harvard Game class Discussion
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-Even though Harvard and Yale tied they still felt like they won because the odds where against them and they still kicked ass
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Describe study in book...
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TEXT ERIN AND ASK HER
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What is delay discounting?
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-The amount of discounting increases with the length of the delay interval
-Thus later an event is to occur, lowers its value in the present -Incentive value = Amount of incentive/ (Its delay interval) |
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How does delay discounting pertain to immediate incentives vs. future incentives.
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-Participants are more likely to accept a smaller amount of money immediately rather than larger amounts after a delay – even if it means receiving less!
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What does it mean to say “losses loom larger than gains”?
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-That is, losses are more unsatisfying (greater decrease in subjective value) than gains are satisfying (smaller increase in subjective value)
-If I give you $100 and then take it away, that’s much more painful than telling you I was going to give you $100 but decided not to! |
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What is melioration?
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-(or “amelioration”) concerns choice behavior, whereby one will keep shifting or drifting to “better” alternatives – ones that provide a higher rate of reinforcement over time
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What is the Matching Law?
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-where by we tend to distribute our behavior among different alternatives parallel or relative to the percentage of reinforcement that each alternative provides
-Correlation between behavior and the environment |
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What is Preference Reversal?
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-explains why we sometimes wait until the night before a big sale ends to go to the store (and hope that the item is still in stock), why we file our tax return at 11:59 pm on April 14th, and why we have a hard time saving for retirement in a word, PROCRASTINATION
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What is Contrast Effects?
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-The ability of an incentive to motivate behavior depends on how it differs from prior incentives
-The Flash light Example (regular price and sale price) -Law of Hedonic Contrast |
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What is Probability-Differential Hypothesis?
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-a contingency can be arranged so that a high-probability response (incentive or preferred behavior) will serve as a reinforcer for a low-probability response (less preferred behavior)
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What is Molar Equilibrium?
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-contends that people have a preferred pattern of behavior, and removing him or her from that pattern is the key
-Thus, reinforcement itself results from the opportunity to engage in a particular behavior, and not the nature of the stimulus itself |
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Name the order of the five stages that comprise the continuum
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Diagram
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What is meant by the phrase Functional autonomy of motives?
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-describe one’s shift in motivation; in some instances, behavior that is performed for extrinsic reasons are eventually maintained by intrinsic motivation
-Ex: reading Macbeth |
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What are the pros of the article "The illusion of Cheapness"?
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Things seem cheaper
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What are the cons of the article "The illusion of Cheapness"?
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If It is for something important then you might be skeptical about it.
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What is meant by flow?
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-the intrinsic feelings that result from being involved in a challenging activity that matches one’s skills
-The term “flow” is often used to describe the feelings experienced by artists, athletes, composers, dancers, scientists, and others who do something simply for the pure enjoyment of it |
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What are the four cities that participated in the landmark study children...
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-Chicago
-Dallas -Washington -New York |
