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70 Cards in this Set
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Typical
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Preferred term for referring to more statistically common conditions. “Normal” is not preferred, as it indicates that other conditions are “abnormal,” even though they are just less common. (e.g., Being left handed is less common, though it is in no way abnormal.)
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Sex
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A person’s biological sex. The words male and female are used to describe sex categories, and are based on anatomy and physiology. Sex is almost invariably assigned at birth, based on the appearance of an infant’s genitals. Note: Individuals are not always born with all male- or all female-typical chromosomes, gonads and anatomy, so these terms are not always the most accurate way to describe people.
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Gender
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The traits and behaviors that are culturally defined as appropriate for men or for women. These are often described with the words feminine, masculine, or androgynous. The word gender implies that the origin of the characteristic described is learned through social/cultural transmission, and not biologically innate
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Gender Role
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The culturally prescribed behaviors and norms for women or men. These are the culturally accepted rules of how men and women should behave
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Gender Identity
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A person’s awareness and internalized sense of herself/himself as female or male. Gender is a major portion of an individual’s personal identity.
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Androgyny
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Refers to either a combination of both male and female characteristics, or characteristics of neither sex
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Transgender
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An umbrella term used for a variety people who do not identify with, or conform to, the traditional gender roles of their culture. This term is often used as a broad category, including more specific identities, such as
Transsexuals, Cross-dressers, Queerr (Genderqueer) |
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Transsexuals
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People whose gender identity is wholly or partially incongruent with the sex assigned at birth. These people may feel they are a different gender than their physical body. Some physically transition to the congruent physical anatomy through sex change surgery and/or hormone treatments, others opt not to undergo this physical transition. Transsexual people may be gay, straight, or bisexual – gender identity does not determine sexual orientation.
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Cross-Dressers
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Those who wear clothing associated with the other gender. They may identify as male, female, both, or neither, and may identify with any sexual orientation. This is the preferred term, which has replaced “transvestites.” People cross-dress for many different reasons, and the term itself does not denote the motive behind the behavior.
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Queerr (Genderqueer)
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a gender identity outside of the heteronormative, binary gender schema.
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Gender nonconformity (Gender Variance)
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behavior or gender expression that does not conform to dominant gender norms of male and female. This may reflect rejection of some or all gender roles associated with one’s assigned sex
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Cisgender
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gender identity congruent with the sex assigned at birth.
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Heteronormative
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cultural norms and attitudes that maintain the expectation that all people fall into a binary system of male and female, characterized by corresponding biological sex, gender roles, gender identity, and heterosexual orientation.
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Gender incongruence (Gender identity disorder, Gender dysphoria)
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a gender identity that is not congruent with physical sex, resulting in significant social and/or psychological distress. Although this has been historically referred to as gender identity disorder, the person’s gender identity is often quite certain, and it is the sexual anatomy that is a source of distress.
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Intersex (Disorders of sexual development)
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one of many conditions resulting in chromosomes, gonads, genitals, and/or hormone patterns that do not match the typical appearance, function, and/or combination associated with either male or female. An intersex person may have some female and some male anatomical and physiological characteristics, and may be assigned as male or female at birth, usually depending on appearance of external genitalia.
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Gender Stereotypes
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expectations about a person’s biological and psychological features, based on beliefs about his or her apparent sex.
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Sexism
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Prejudice toward people based on their sex.
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Sex Discrimination
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is treating people differently based on their sex.
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Other Sex
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A more appropriate term than “opposite sex” as there are many similarities between men and women, which you’ll discover this quarter. Males and females tend not to be “opposite” in most ways.
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Sexual Orientation
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Refers to who a person is attracted to sexually, usually in relation to one’s own gender identity. Those who are attracted to other-sex partners are heterosexual, those attracted to same sex-partners are homosexual, those attracted to both other-sex and same-sex partners are bisexual, and those not attracted to anyone are asexual.
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Intersectionality
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A major perspective within gender studies that considers these multiple aspects of a person’s identity (gender, ethnic, vocational, sexual, etc.), and how they interact to create a unique identity and experience.
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Behaviorism
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The school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of observable behavior as the subject matter of psychology and discounts the utility of unobservable mental events
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Essentialist view
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The view that gender differences are biologically determined
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Functionalism
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A school of psychology attempted to understand how the mind functions. The functionalists held a practical, applied orientation, including an interest in mental abilities and in gender differences in those abilities
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Gender
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The term used by some researches to describe the traits and behaviors that are regarded by the culture as appropriate to men and women
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Maximalist view
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The view that many important differences exist between sexes
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Minimalist view
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The view that few important differences exist between the sexes.
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Sex differences
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The term used by some researchers (and considered to be inclusive by others) to describe the differences between male and female research participants
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Structuralist
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A school of psychology attempted to understand the workings of the conscious mind by dividing the mind into component parts and analyzing the structure of the mind
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Case Study
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A qualitative method that focuses on gathering extensive information about a single person or a small group
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Constructionists
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A group of critics of science who argue that reality is constructed through perception and is inevitably subject to bias. Included in this bias is all scientific observation, thus excluding science from its claim of objectivity
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Correlation study
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A descriptive research method that requires researchers to measure two factors know to occur within a group of people to determine the degree of relationship between the two factors
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Data
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Representations usually in numerical form, of some facet of the phenomenon that the researcher observes
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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The factor in an experiment that the experimenter measures to determine whether the manipulation of the independent variable has an effect
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Descriptive research methods
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A group of research methods, including naturalistic observation, surveys, and correlation studies, that yield descriptions of the observed phenomena
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Empirical Observation
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Collecting information through direct observation
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Ethnography
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A type of qualitative research in which the researcher becomes immersed in a situation in order to make observations and interpretations of that situation
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Experiment
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A type of study in which a researcher manipulates an independent variable and observes the changes in a dependent variable; only through experiments can researchers learn about cause-and-effect relationships.
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Ex post Facto (quasi-experimental) study
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A type of non experimental research design that involves the comparison of subjects, who are placed in contrast groups, not the basis of some preexisting characteristic of the subjects
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Focus Group
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A qualitative research method consisting of a discussion involving a group of people centered around a specific topic
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Hypothesis
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A statement about the expected outcome of a study
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Independent variable (IV)
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The factor in an experiment that the experimenter manipulates to create a difference that did not previously exist in the participants
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Interview
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A type of qualitative study in which respondents are interviewed in order to determine patterns or commonalities among their responses
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Meta-analysis
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A statistical analysis that allows the evaluation of many studies simultaneously
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Objectivity
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The notion that observation is free of bias by the observer
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Operational Definition
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A definition of a variable in terms of orations used to obtain information on that variable, rather than in terms of concepts underlying that variable
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Practical significance
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An important result with practical implications; different from statistical significance
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Qualitative research
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Research that focuses on understanding complexity and context rather than distilling situations to sets of numbers
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Quantification
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The process of turning observations into numerical data
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Quantitative research
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Research that uses numerical data and statistical analysis
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Statistically significant result
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A result obtained by analysis with statistical tests and found unlikely to have been obtained on the basis of chance alone
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Subject variable
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A characteristic the of the subjects, such as gender, that allows researchers to form contrast groups in quasi-experimental studies
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Survey
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A descriptive research method involving the measurement of attitudes through the administration and interpretation of questionnaires
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Variable
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A factor of interest to researchers; something that can have more than one value, as opposed to a constant, which has only one constant value
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Androgyny
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A blending of masculinity and felinity, in which the desirable characteristics associated with both men and women are combined within individuals
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Benevolent Sexism
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Positive attitudes that nonetheless serve to belittle women and keep them subservient
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Gender Stereotype
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The beliefs about the characteristics associated with, and the activities appropriate to, men and women
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Illusory correlation
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The incorrect belief that two events vary together, or the perception that the relationship is strong when little or no actual relationship exists
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Implicit attitudes
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Attitudes that people hold on an unconscious level, which many differ from their explicit, conscious attitudes
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Stereotype threat
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A phenomenon that occurs in situations in which the presence of negative stereotypes affects the performance of those whom the stereotypes applies
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Validation
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The process of demonstrating that a psychological test measures what it claims to measure; the procedure that demonstrates the accuracy of a test
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Heternormativity
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Male/heterosexuals are the norm in society
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Misogymy
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Hatred of women
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Misandry
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Hatred of Men
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Essentialist
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Belief that homosexuality is innate or biological
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Constructionsit
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believe that homosexual identity is a cultural product and a social destruction
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Queerr Theory
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How power operates with sexuality in contemporary society to define social and cultural norms
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External Hegemonic Masculinity
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Defined as the partial system where men dominate women
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Internal Hegemonic Masculinity
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Defined as the denomination of white heterosexual men over other men
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Queerr Sexism
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Gay white men would be active enforcers rather than victims
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